Immune defenses of insects show either broad reactions or specificity and durability of induced protection against attacking parasites and pathogens. In this study, we tested whether encapsulation response against nylon monofilament increases between two attempts of activation of immune system in mealworm beetles Tenebrio molitor, and whether previous exposure to nylon monofilament may also inc...

One of the essential protection mechanisms of immune system is Treg cells which play an important role in maintenance ofimmune homeostasis. However, they may also inhibit immune functions against tumor cells. It has been reported that Treg cellsare increased in patients suffering from different types of cancer. Increased number of Treg cells has been shown in tumor lymphnodes, peripheral blood,...

dendritic cells (dcs) are antigen presenting cells with unique capability to take up and process antigens in the peripheral blood and tissues. they subsequently migrate to draining lymph nodes where they present these antigens and stimulate naive t lympho-cytes. during their life cycle, dcs go through two maturation stages and are referred to as immature and mature cells, respectively. while im...

Studies investigating the correlates of immune protection against Yersinia infection have established that both humoral and cell mediated immune responses are required for the comprehensive protection. In our previous study, we established that the bivalent fusion protein (rVE) comprising immunologically active regions of Y. pestis LcrV (100-270 aa) and YopE (50-213 aa) proteins conferred compl...

Diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholerae is known to give long-lasting protection against subsequent life-threatening illness. The serum vibriocidal antibody response has been well studied and has been shown to correlate with protection. However, this systemic antibody response may be a surrogate marker for mucosal immune responses to key colonization factors of this organism, such as the toxin-coreg...

Vaccination with J8-DT, a leading GAS vaccine candidate, results in protective immunity in mice. Analysis of immunologic correlates of protection indicated a role of J8-specific antibodies that were induced post-immunization. In the present study, several independent experimental approaches were employed to investigate the protective immunological mechanisms involved in J8-DT-mediated immunity....

Trypanosoma cruzi is an intracellular parasite and the causative agent of Chagas disease. Previous work has shown that the chemokine receptor CCR5 plays a role in systemic T. cruzi protection. We evaluated the importance of CCR5 and CCL5 for mucosal protection against natural oral and conjunctival T. cruzi challenges. T. cruzi-immune CCR5(-/-) and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were generated by repeat...

BACKGROUND The complexity and diversity of the antibody immune response to the antigen repertoire of a pathogen has long been appreciated. Although it has been recognized that the detection of antibodies against multiple antigens dramatically improves the clinical sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic assays, the prognostic value of serum reactivity profiles against multiple microbial antig...

A gold standard of antiviral vaccination has been the safe and effective live-attenuated 17D-based yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccines. Among more than 500 million vaccinees, only a handful of cases have been reported in which vaccinees developed a virulent wild type YFV infection. This efficacy is presumed to be the result of both neutralizing antibodies and a robust T cell response. However, th...

Enteric infections induced by pathogens like Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) remain a massive burden in developing countries with increasing morbidity and mortality rates. Previously, we showed that the immunization with genetically detoxified outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from V. cholerae elicits a protective immune response based on the generation of O ant...