We examine the temperature structure of the IGM due to the passage of individual ionisation fronts using a radiative transfer (RT) code coupled to a particle-mesh (PM) N -body code. Multiple simulations were performed with different spectra of ionising radiation: a power law (∝ ν), miniquasar, starburst, and a time-varying spectrum that evolves from a starburst spectrum to a power law. The RT i...

OBJECTIVES To identify which type of smoke alarm is most likely to remain working in local authority inner city housing, and to identify an alarm tolerated in households with smokers. DESIGN Randomised controlled trial. SETTING Two local authority housing estates in inner London. PARTICIPANTS 2145 households. INTERVENTION Installation of one of five types of smoke alarm (ionisation sens...

Surface neutron counter data are often used as a proxy for atmospheric ionisation from cosmic rays in studies of extraterrestrial effects on climate. Neutron counter instrumentation was developed in the 1950s and relationships between neutron counts, ionisation and meteorological conditions were investigated thoroughly using the techniques available at the time; the analysis can now be extended...

We present a novel method enabling the infrared laser desorption and electrospray ionisation (ESI) of protein complexes in their native state. Using this method, we demonstrate surprising generation intact, multiply charged ions myoglobin, non-covalent haemoglobin complex, intact immunoglobulin G antibody states. The observation surviving population is characteristic low internal energy build-u...

We present long-slit spectrophotometric observations in the red and near infrared of 12 HII galaxies. The spectral range includes the sulphur lines [SII] at λλ 6716, 6731 Å and [SIII] at λ 6312 Å and λλ 9069, 9532 Å. For all of the observed galaxies, at least three ion-weighted temperatures from forbidden auroral to nebular line ratios have been obtained and the relations between the different ...

Eight common dialkylimidazolium-based ionic liquids have been successfully evaporated in ultra-high vacuum and their vapours analysed by line of sight mass spectrometry using electron ionisation. The ionic liquids investigated were 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethane)sulfonyl]imide, [C(n)C(1)Im][Tf(2)N] (where n = 2, 4, 6, 8), 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [C(n)C(...

The solar wind modulates the flux of galactic cosmic rays impinging on Earth inversely with solar activity. Cosmic ray ionisation is the major source of air’s electrical conductivity over the oceans and well above the continents. Differential solar modulation of the cosmic ray energy spectrum modifies the cosmic ray ionisation at different latitudes, varying the total atmospheric columnar condu...

Context. Determining the properties of solar-like oscillating stars can be subject to many biases. A particularly important example is helium-mass degeneracy, where uncertainties regarding internal physics cause a poor determination both mass and surface helium content. Accordingly, an independent estimate needed overcome this degeneracy. promising way obtain such exploit so-called ionisation g...