Automatic Programming (AP) [15] is an ambitious goal that has been greedily sought since the 1950s. During the history of computer science, the term AP has been used for different concepts. Here, with the term AP we define the automation of implementing software given a starting formal specification. In the past, the work about AP was based on transformations (e.g., [11]), in which formal rules...

the aim of this study was to estimate the genetic and phonotypic trends of somatic cell score in iranian holstein cows. also, the environmental factors affecting this trait are investigated. a total of 375351 test day records of somatic cells take from 54374 animals between year 2002 and 2007 were used in this study. the breeding values were estimated by fitting animal model in asreml software....

i Preface In 2002, Tennessee passed its first Public Charter School legislation. Four schools were successful in gaining approval to begin operating in the 2003-2004 academic year. The second cohort of three charter schools began operation during the 2004-2005 academic year, with the third cohort of five schools starting-up during the 2005-2006 academic year. No new schools were added during th...

In 2007, 1179 papers were published that involved the application of optical biosensors. Reported developments in instrument hardware, assay design, and immobilization chemistry continue to improve the technology's throughput, sensitivity, and utility. Compared to recent years, the widest range of platforms, both traditional format and array-based, were used. However, as in the past, we found a...

In traditional robotics, the problem of grasping and manipulation is typically addressed by considering simplified situations, i.e. a strongly structured environment or a simulated one. In many cases, in industry, all the required actions are a limited subset of the possibilities of humans, which allows using standard (often kinematically deficient) manipulators and simple end-effectors (grippe...

Software Testing is used to find the presence of bugs in computer programs [20]. If no bug is found, testing cannot guarantee that the software is bug-free. However, testing can be used to increase our confidence in the software reliability. Unfortunately, testing is expensive, time consuming and tedious. It is estimated that testing requires around 50% of the total cost of software development...