Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) results in a lifelong latent infection in human sensory and cranial nerve ganglia after primary infection. VZV open reading frame 47 (ORF47) and ORF66 encode protein kinases that phosphorylate several viral proteins, including VZV glycoprotein gE and ORF32, ORF62, and ORF63 proteins. Here we show that the ORF47 protein kinase also phosphorylates gI. While ORF47 is e...

Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, has been identified in nine geographically distinct wildlife populations in North America and Hawaii and is endemic in at least three populations, including members of the Bovidae, Cervidae, and Suidae families. The emergence of M. bovis in North American wildlife poses a serious and growing risk for livestock and human...

Seed germination and early seedling establishment are critical stages during a plant's life cycle. These stages are precisely regulated by multiple internal factors, including phytohormones and environmental cues such as light. As a family of small molecules discovered in wildfire smoke, karrikins (KARs) play a key role in various biological processes, including seed dormancy release, germinati...

Labor turnover is a commonly-cited mechanism for the transmission of spillovers from multinational to domestic firms, but until now there has been little direct evidence for this mechanism. Using a novel matched establishment-worker database from Brazil, I present evidence consistent with the existence of positive multinational spillovers through worker mobility in Brazil. The paper explores wh...

Since a long time ago, the Persian Gulf security has always formed the focus of attention of regional states and the world big powers. During the final years of the 20th and early 21st centuries given the changes and transformations occurring after the US war and Iraq invasion, the significance of the region from security perspective increased. As a result, several conventions and special dialo...

introduction: emergency department performance index (epi) greatly influences the function of other hospital’s units and also patient satisfaction. recently, the iranian ministry of health has defined specific national epi containing five indexes. in the present study, the performance indexes of emergency department (ed) in one educational hospital has been assessed before and after establishme...

Establishment, progressive development, expansion and organization of Cuba's National Comprehensive Diabetes and Pregnancy Program is described, including changes in related health services since 1959. Currently implemented throughout the country, the Program is supervised by a working group and addresses diabetic women's reproductive health and care during pregnancy. The importance of preconce...

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a non-cytopathic hepatotropic virus that can lead to severe liver disease including acute hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Successful clearance of the virus as well as the establishment of liver disease is largely driven by a complex interaction between the virus and the host immune response. In this review, the immunological events, includ...

determination of chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence has the potential needed to analyze the efficiency of photosynthesis in plants against environmental stresses, especially salinity, and its simplicity facilitates stress evaluation. in order to study the response of different photosynthetic characters to salinity stress at different sugar beet growth stages, two separate experime...