Studies are intended on rural and urban populations in our part of Pakistan as there is a great diversity in diet, living conditions, family income etc. Anaemias are known to be very common especially among the urban poor, in rural areas and especially among women. In pregnancy, it is probably true to say that almost all of the lower income groups are anaemic. Many people from the northern area...

Objective: This paper, using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model with highly disaggregated household groups, analyses the distributional impact of a carbon tax in a developing economy. Scope: Indonesia, one of the largest carbon emitters among developing countries, is utilized as a case study in this paper. Conclusions: The result suggests that, in contrast to most industrialised count...

BACKGROUND Studies from high income countries (HIC) have generally shown higher osteoporotic fracture rates in urban areas than rural areas. Low bone mineral density (BMD) increases susceptibility to fractures. This review aimed to assess whether urbanicity is consistently associated with lower BMD globally. METHOD Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Global Health (-April 2013) were searched for articl...

This study attempts to determine the impact that various income sources and different population categories in both urban and rural areas had on the overall level of income inequality in Turkey in 1994. Inequality is significantly higher in urban than in rural areas and this difference is mainly the consequence of differences in the Gini Index in both areas rather than being related to differen...

The Heterogeneous Impact of Pension Income on Elderly Living Arrangements: Evidence from China’s New Rural Pension Scheme This paper investigates the impact of pension income on living arrangements of the elderly. Taking advantage of a unique opportunity due to the recent establishment and expansion of the social pension system in rural China, we explicitly address the endogeneity of pension st...

Employing data from the China rural-urban mobility survey conducted in 2010, this study investigates the influence of family demographic characteristics on the income, life satisfaction, and potential for rural-urban mobility at the rural household level of two provinces of China: Shaanxi and Henan. A larger labor force in a rural household was found to reduce a family's ability or inclination ...

This study examines aggregate county income growth across the 48 contiguous states from 1990 to 2005. To control for endogeneity we estimate a two-stage spatial error model and infer parameter significance by implementing a number of spatial bootstrap algorithms. We find that outdoor recreation and natural amenities favor positive growth in rural counties, densely populated rural areas enjoy st...

CELIK, Y. and K. PEKER, 2009. Benefit/cost analysis of mushroom production for diversification of income in developing countries. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 15: 228-237 This study presents benefit/cost and SWOT analyses of mushroom production in developing countries as diversification of rural income; a case study in Konya, Turkey. Data were obtained through a survey method by application of 33 ques...

BACKGROUND Ningxia is located in western People's Republic of China, which is hyperendemic for human cystic echinococcosis (CE) throughout the entire area with alveolar echinococcosis (AE) hyperendemic in the south. This is in part due to its underdeveloped economy. Despite the recent rapid growth in P.R. China's economy, medical expenditure for hospitalization of echinococcosis cases has becom...

INTRODUCTION Reducing inequalities in health care is one of the main challenges in all countries. In Iran as in other oil-exporting upper middle income countries, we expected to witness fewer inequalities especially in the health sector with the increase in governmental revenues. METHODS This study presents an inequalities assessment of health care expenditures in Iran. We used data from the ...