when any extraordinary sacrifice or expenditure is intentionally and reasonably made or incurred for the common safety for the purpose of preserving from peril, the property (ship and cargoes) involved in a common maritime adventure, the interests saved , are required to make contributions in general average to the owner of lost or damaged property . general average rules originates from ancien...

We use the techniques of Karchmer and Widgerson KW90] to derive strong lower bounds on the expected parallel time to compute boolean functions by circuits. By average time, we mean the time needed on a self-timed circuit, a model introduced recently by Jakoby, Reischuk, and Schindelhauer, JRS94] in which gates compute their output as soon as it is determined (possibly by a subset of the inputs ...

The current performance indicator for universal salt iodisation (USI) is the percentage of households using adequately iodised salt. However, the proportion of dietary salt from household salt is decreasing with the increase in consumption of processed foods and condiments globally. This paper reports on case studies supported by the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN)-UNICEF USI Part...

The United States pulp and paper industry has experienced significant structural changes over the past twenty-five years, including reductions in the number of pulp and paper mills, lower rates of capacity growth, employment cutbacks, and a loss of market share to foreign competitors. These structural shifts portray an industry that increasingly has difficulty adapting to a more competitive env...

A common feature distinguishing between parametric/ statistical models and engineering economics models is that engineering models explicitly represent best practice technologies, whereas parametric/statistical models are typically based on average practice. Measures of energy intensity based on average practice are of little use in corporate management of energy use or for public policy goal s...

We examine whether the post forecast revision drift is attributable to investors’ underreaction to industry-wide and/or firm-specific earnings news in analysts’ forecast revisions. We find a large drift associated with industry-wide earnings news but, on average, no drift associated with firm-specific earnings news. Consistent with the functional fixation hypothesis, we show empirically that th...

As the largest energy consumer and carbon emitter, China has made substantial efforts to improve energy efficiency to save energy, while the energy rebound effect mitigates its effectiveness. This paper is based on the logical relationship among capital input, technical change, economic growth, and energy consumption, adapting an alternative estimation model to estimate the energy rebound effec...

We examine relative prices, relative productivity levels, and competitiveness in the sawmills and wood preservation industry in the United States and Canada between 1958 and 2003 by using purchasing power parities and bilateral trans log production function. Our results show that the competitiveness of the Canadian industry is facilitated by higher relative productivity levels and depreciation ...