NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antibody encephalitis is the second most common autoimmune encephalitis after acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, presenting with a multistage clinical progression with prodromal signs, psychiatric abnormalities, reduced levels of consciousness, epileptic seizures, dyskinesias, and autonomic dysfunction. PathogenicNMDAR autoantibodies downregulate NMDARs in cultured hipp...

Despite advances in public health, medicine, and technology, infectious diseases remain a major source of illness and death worldwide. In the United States alone, unexplained deaths resulting from infectious disease agents have an estimated annual incidence of 0.5 per 100,000 persons aged 1-49 years. Emerging and newly recognized infections, such as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and West Nile e...

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an infectious encephalitis prevalent in Asia. It usually presents with fever, headache, convulsions and extrapyramidal symptoms. Limbic system involvement and hypothermia though common in autoimmune encephalitis have never been reported in JE. We report a case of an 18-year-old girl with no previous comorbidities who presented to us with a history of fever and head...

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes Japanese encephalitis, which is a leading form of viral encephalitis in Asia, with around 50,000 cases and 10,000 deaths per year in children below 15 years of age. The JEV has shown a tendency to extend to other geographic regions. Case fatality averages 30% and a high percentage of the survivors are left with permanent neuropsychiatric sequelae. Curren...

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is an acute or subacute sporadic encephalitic illness. It has a predilection for the medial temporal lobes, the orbital surface of the frontal lobes, and subcortical structures such as the hippocampus. Sequelae may include seizures and neuropsychological impairment. The present case study involves a 66-year old, retired, Caucasian male diagnosed with herpes sim...

Correspondence to: Professor P G E Kennedy, Department of Neurology, University of Glasgow, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK; p.g.kennedy@ clinmed.gla.ac.uk _________________________ E ncephalitis refers to an acute, usually diffuse, inflammatory process affecting the brain. While meningitis is primarily an infection of the meninges, a combined ...

THE LANCET • Vol 359 • February 9, 2002 • www.thelancet.com 507 Introduction Encephalitis is an unusual manifestation of human viral infection. Thus, whereas many individuals develop systemic viral infections, only a few develop symptomatic infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Viruses vary widely in their potential to produce significant CNS infection. For some viruses (eg, mumps), CN...

The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review recent literature data for autoimmune encephalitis (AIE). AIE refers inflammatory, non-infectious, immune-mediated characterised by neuroinflammation, synthesis neuronal autoantibodies (NAAs), directed against surface, synaptic and intracellular antigens, with subsequent dysfunction. It heterogeneous anatomic-clinical syndromes prom...

Persistent infections were established by serial undiluted passage of flavivirus Japanese encephalitis virus in a line of rabbit kidney cells (MA-111). The persistently infected cells resembled uninfected cells in most respects. Low levels of infectious virions were released from a small percentage of cells, and a larger and more variable percentage was shown to possess viral antigen by fluores...

A large number of Brazilian zoos keep many endangered species of deer, however, very few disease surveillance studies have been conducted among captive cervids. Blood samples from 32 Brazilian deer (Blastocerus dichotomus, Mazama nana and Mazama americana) kept in captivity at Bela Vista Biological Sanctuary (Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil) were investigated for 10 ruminant pathogens, with the aims of m...