Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used in medical practice for treating pain, inflammation and degenerative joint diseases (for instance, arthritis). The use of traditional NSAIDs (tNSAIDs), however, is associated with an increased risk of minor and serious gastrointestinal (GI) events. It is estimated that in the European Union thousands of gastrointestinal complication...

Contents 1. Introduction 2. Principal plants that have contributed to the development of modern analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs 2.1. Papaver somniferum 2.2. Salix species 2.3. Cannabis sativa 2.4. Capsicum sp. 2.5. Panax ginseng 2.6. Tanacetum parthenium 2.7. Aconitum sp. 3. New plant-derived substances with potential antinociceptive or anti-inflammatory properties 3.1 Siphocampylus verti...

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which exist in at least two isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2. Aspirin and older agents in this class are nonselective inhibitors of both COX-1 and COX-2. Newer agents termed "coxibs" are selective inhibitors of COX-2. Among the NSAID, only aspirin has been proven to significantly reduce cardiovascular risk, primarily th...

Cannabinoids are a group of compounds that mediate their effects through cannabinoid receptors. The discovery of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as the major psychoactive principle in marijuana, as well as the identification of cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands, has led to a significant growth in research aimed at understanding the physiological functions of cannabinoids. Cannabi...

Historically, anti-inflammatory drugs had their origins in the serendipitous discovery of certain plants and their extracts being applied for the relief of pain, fever and inflammation. When salicylates were discovered in the mid-19th century to be the active components of Willow Spp., this enabled these compounds to be synthesized and from this, acetyl-salicylic acid or Aspirin was developed. ...

It is important for orthopaedic surgeons to understand the role of prostaglandins in bone physiology and the mechanism of action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their role in fracture healing, fusion, osteointegration, and aseptic loosening. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have benefits and risks in orthopaedic use, and their effects should be considered.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit the isoenzymes COX-1 and COX-2 of cyclooxygenase (COX). Renal side effects (e.g., kidney function, fluid and urinary electrolyte excretion) vary with the extent of COX-2-COX-1 selectivity and the administered dose of these compounds. While young healthy subjects will rarely experience adverse renal effects with the use of NSAIDs, elderly pa...

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Historical introduction Salicylic acid, the active substance in plants used for thousands of years as medicaments, was synthesised by Kolbe in Germany in 1874. MacLagan and Stricker showed that it was eVective in rheumatic fever. A few years later sodium salicylate was also in use as a treatment for chronic rheumatoid arthritis and gout as well as an antiseptic compound. Felix HoVman was a youn...