background and aims: influenza a viruses are important pathogens for humans especially in pandemic episodes. two adamantane derivates, amantadine and rimantadine, are used for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza a virus infections. however, single amino acid substitutions in the m2 transmembrane domain which lead to amantadine resistance of these viruses occur at residues 26, 27, 30, 31 or 3...

background: influenza virus is a major infectious pathogen of the respiratory system causing a high degree of morbidity and mortality annually. the worldwide vaccines are decided and produced annually by world health organization and licensed companies based on the samples collected from all over the world. the aim of this study was to determine phylogenecity and heterogenecity of the circulati...

Influenza is a contagious viral disease that is seen in avian, human and other mammals, so its control is important. Vaccination against influenza virus subtype H9N2 is one of the ways in controlling program, for this reason several vaccines has been produced. Recently, application of inactivated oil-emulsion vaccines in poultry for controlling low pathogenic avian influenza is increasing. At p...

Background and Aims: Vaccination is the most effective method to prevent influenza infection. Among the available vaccines, cold-adapted live-virus vaccines are suitable approach that have been produced and evaluated for recent years in few countries. The goal of this project was to derivate a cold adapted variant of the influenza A/New Caledonia/20/1999(H1N1). Materials and Methods: Influenza ...

An in vitro model system was used to study the early neutrophil response to influenza-infected epithelia. In the absence of serum, neutrophil adherence to influenza-infected confluent monolayers of Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells (MDCK) was approximately 590 times greater than neutrophil binding to control cultures. The leukocytes bound specifically to virus-infected cells. Neutrophi...

Dick, Elliot C. (Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La.) and William J. Mogabgab. Characteristics of para-influenza 1 (HA-2) virus. III. Antigenic relationships, growth, interaction with erythrocytes, and physical properties. J. Bacteriol. 83:561-571. 1962-Hemagglutination-inhibition tests with rabbit and rooster immune sera showed HA-2-like strains of para-influenza 1 to be nea...

There is a need to develop a universal vaccine against influenza virus infection to avoid developing new formulations of a seasonal vaccine each year. Many of the vaccine strategies for a universal vaccine target strain-conserved influenza virus proteins, such as the matrix, polymerase, and nucleoproteins, rather than the surface hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. In addition, non-diseas...

In 1942, Hirst found that chicken erythrocytes were agglutinated when the cells were mixed with influenza virus at 4 °C and that the agglutinated cells were eluted spontaneously when the temperature was raised to 37 °C. The washed cells once eluted from the virus were never agglutinated by a newly added influenza virus. This phenomenon made him to introduce a new concept that a specific recepto...