one of the most controversial problems in western epistemology is the division of propositions into analytic and synthetic. this division drew the attention of many proponents and opponents and faced many objections. one the most important objections which if valid enough, can destroy the basis of this division and resulting epistemological consequences is the of relativity of both analytic as ...

Knowledge modeling is a new activity derived from the AI field that may be used to develop software applications under a perspective of knowledge organization instead of the traditional data + processes approach. According to this, a new methodology, called knowledge oriented , is emerging as an alternative to conventional methodologies in software engineering. Different structuring concepts we...

In this paper, we present our work on evaluating knowledge base systems with respect to use in large OWL applications. To this end, we have developed the Lehigh University Benchmark (LUBM). The benchmark is intended to evaluate knowledge base systems with respect to extensional queries over a large dataset that commits to a single realistic ontology. LUBM features an OWL ontology modeling unive...

We present an approach to the problem of learning by observation in spatially-situated tasks, whereby an agent learns to imitate the behaviour of an observed expert with no interaction and limited observations. The form of knowledge representation used for these observations is crucial, and we apply Qualitative Spatial-Relational representations to compress continuous, metric state-spaces into ...

During cognate interaction with CD40 ligand (CD154)-expressing T cells, Ag-presenting accessory cells are activated for increased cytokine synthetic and costimulatory function. We examined whether CD40 modulates in vivo innate immune function over time, hypothesizing that distinct cytokine responses evolve to delayed microbial exposure. C3H/HeN mice pretreated with activating anti-CD40 Ab (FGK4...

Circadian rhythm is a natural, endogenous process whose physiological functions are controlled by set of clock genes. Disturbance the genes have detrimental effects on both innate and adaptive immunity, which significantly enhance pro-inflammatory responses susceptibility to autoimmune diseases via strictly controlling individual cellular components immune system that initiate perpetuate inflam...