The duality properties of Peti Nets (PN) are exploiled in order to apply an algorithmfor the calculation of colored S-invaiants of Predicate Transition nets (Pr/T nets) to the calculation of the colored T-invariants.

Insecticide-treated mosquito nets have an impact on mortality and morbidity in young children under controlled conditions. When integrated into larger control programs, there is the danger that rates of regular retreatment of the nets with insecticide will drop, greatly limiting their effectiveness as a public health intervention. In Bagamoyo District, Tanzania, rates of retreatment dropped sig...

Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) impregnated with pyrethroid insecticides have become one of the most promising interventions to prevent malaria in highly endemic areas. Despite the large body of experience documenting their health impact and the best way to distribute them, some key practical issues remain unresolved. For example, the duration of effective life of a net under field conditions i...

A malaria model is formulated which includes the enhanced attractiveness of 7 infectious humans to mosquitoes, as result of host manipulation by malaria 8 parasite, and the human behavior, represented by insecticide-treated bed nets 9 usage. The occurrence of a backward bifurcation at R0 = 1 is shown to be 10 possible, which implies that multiple endemic equilibria co-exist with a stable 11 dis...

BACKGROUND Studies indicate that physical damage to long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) occurs at a surprisingly rapid rate following net distribution. To what extent does such damage affect the impact of LLINs? Can vectors pass a compromised LLIN barrier to bite? Do more resistant vectors enter the insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) through holes? METHODS The study was carried out in ...

a field trial was carried out in the chabahar district of sistan and baluchistan province, southeastern iran on the efficacy of mosquito nets treated with a suspension formulation of deltamethrin (k-o thrin®) against malaria vectors. treated nets were used in three villages, and in the two control villages, one used untreated nets and the other used indoor spraying with deltamethrin (wp 10%), w...

HIV infection and malaria, two of the most common and important health problems in sub-Saharan Africa, have been demonstrated to have interactive pathology. In Malawi, where malaria is endemic, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) delivery is scaling up, we piloted integration of long-lasting insecticide-treated bednets (ITN) provision in three ART clinics. In July 2006, 1,910 ITNs were delivered t...

Background. Malaria remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the world, and particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine ownership and utilization of ITNs among households with children under five in the previous night. Methods. A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gursum district in Eastern Ethiopia. A total of 335 househ...

INTRODUCTION As Plasmodium falciparum prevalence decreases in many parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, so does immunity resulting in larger at risk populations and increased risk of malaria resurgence. In Bissau, malaria prevalence decreased from ∼50% to 3% between 1995 and 2003. The epidemiological characteristics of P. falciparum malaria within Bandim health and demographic surveillance site (popula...

Long-lasting insecticidal bed nets (LLINs) protect humans from malaria transmission and are fundamental to malaria control worldwide, but little is known of how mosquitoes interact with nets. Elucidating LLIN mode of action is essential to maintain or improve efficacy, an urgent need as emerging insecticide resistance threatens their future. Tracking multiple free-flying Anopheles gambiae respo...