Many intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) have been developed, deployed, assessed, and proven to facilitate learning. However, most of these systems do not generally adapt to new circumstances, do not self-evaluate and self-configure their own strategies, and do not monitor the usage history of the learning content being delivered or presented to the students. These shortcomings force ITS develo...

Robots deployed in the real world over extendedperiods of time need to reason about unexpected failures, learn predict them, and proactively take actions avoid future failures. Existing approaches for competence-aware planning are either model-based, requiring explicit enumeration known failure sources, or purely statistical, using state- location-specific statistics infer competence. We instea...

Human judgment and decision making is distorted by an array of cognitive, perceptual and motivational biases. Recent evidence suggests that people tend to recognize (and even overestimate) the operation of bias in human judgment – except when that bias is their own. Aside from the general motive to self-enhance, two primary sources of this ‘bias blind spot’ have been identified. One involves pe...

Metacognition may be broadly understood as awareness, monitoring, and regulation of an intelligent agent’s own internal processing, a “thinking about thinking”. The cognitive complexity and self-maintenance value of this introspective skillset has considerable current interest in the study of both biological and artificial intelligence, with intriguing parallels. Study of metacognition in some ...

An organization’s identity, as defined by its members, must be aligned with collective identity prescribed institutions. This alignment is broken when an institutional change threatens the and jeopardizes existence of a group organizations. They then undertake to carry out work, both internal external, in order establish new alignment. Based on single case study, this research article explores ...

In several recent essays, Sydney Shoemaker argues that introspective knowledge lacks cer­ tain central features which parallel the conditions satisfied by ordinary cases of sense per­ ception. In one influential paper, he discusses and criticizes the “broad perceptual” model of the nature of introspective knowledge of mental states, the view which claims that our introspective awareness of inte...

The three notions studied here are Bayesian priors, invariant priors and introspection. A prior for an agent is Bayesian, if it agrees with the agent’s posterior beliefs when conditioned on them. A prior is invariant, if it is the average, with respect to itself, of the posterior beliefs. Finally, an agent is introspective, if he is certain of his own beliefs. We show that a prior is Bayesian, ...