Since congruence modulo m is an equivalence relation, it partitions the universe of integers into equivalence classes, which we’ll call congruence classes modulo m. Within any one of these classes, all of the members are congruent to all of the other members; but congruence modulo m never holds between members of different equivalence classes. For instance, there are two congruence classes modu...

It is evident from the definition that the class of all BCK-algebras is a quasivariety. Yet it is not a variety, nor does the largest subvariety of BCK exist—as shown in Wroński [2], Kabziński & Wroński [3], respectively. Several subvarieties of BCK have been isolated and thoroughly investigated, which has led to a substantial body of results (cf. e.g., Blok & Raftery [4]). Nevertheless, the qu...

Congruence is the degree to which one’s personality matches one’s behavior in a particular situation. On four separate occasions over several weeks, 202 undergraduate participants described a situation they encountered the previous day and their behavior. Analyses considered overall congruence as well as distinctive congruence, adjusted for the match of personality and behavior to the normative...

According to Frege’s principle the denotation of a sentence coincides with its truthvalue. The principle is investigated within the context of abstract algebraic logic, and it is shown that taken together with the deduction theorem it characterizes intuitionistic logic in a certain strong sense. A 2nd-order matrix is an algebra together with an algebraic closed set system on its universe. A ded...

Between 1999 and 2001 thirty knees underwent a semitendinosus tendon plasty to recreate the medial patellofemoral ligament for recurrent patellar dislocation. The mean follow-up was 38 months. The mean improvement of the patellofemoral congruence angle after surgery was 14 +/- 7 degrees. All patients ended up with a full range of motion, except one patient, whose flexion was limited to 120 degr...

We investigate the degree of congruence between preferred and actual levels of ten management control system (MCS) practices in the areas of budgeting, performance evaluation, and compensation. Survey results from responsibility centre managers indicate significant disagreements between preferred and actual levels for most MCS practices. Congruence states of deprivation, satisfaction, and satur...

Minor degrees of malalignment of the patella and anatomical abnormalities including a flattened sulcus angle and an increased ratio between patellar tendon length and patellar length (PT:P) have been suggested as predisposing factors in the causation of chondromalacia patellae, as well as patellar instability. In order to confirm or refute this hypothesis a prospective study has been performed ...

We introduce the high-degree indicator matrix (HDIM), an object closely related with both the linear approximation table and the algebraic normal form (ANF) of a permutation. We show that the HDIM of a Feistel Network contains very specific patterns depending on the degree of the Feistel functions, the number of rounds and whether the Feistel functions are 1-to-1 or not. We exploit these patter...

The ambient calculus of Cardelli and Gordon is a process calculus for describing mobile computation where processes may reside within a hierarchy of locations, called ambients. The dynamic semantics of this calculus is presented in a chemical style that allows for a compact and simple formulation. In this semantics, an equivalence relation, called spatial congruence, is defined on the top of an...

We call a lattice L isoform, if for any congruence relation Θ of L, all congruence classes of Θ are isomorphic sublattices. In an earlier paper, we proved that for every finite distributive lattice D, there exists a finite isoform lattice L such that the congruence lattice of L is isomorphic to D. In this paper, we prove a much stronger result: Every finite lattice has a congruence-preserving e...