The conventional computers are not usable in dark, as the user cannot see the keyboard to operate properly. But there are many situations where the user may like to work on his computer under low light conditions, such as, during nights, while traveling in flights/ trains having low lights, working in the garden during evening etc. So it is necessary to provide some light to the laptop to opera...

Today biotechnology is perhaps the most important technology field because of the strong health and food implications. However, due to the nature of said technology, there is the need of a huge amount of investments to sustain the experimentation costs. Consequently, investors aim to safeguard as much as possible their investments. Intellectual Property, and in particular patents, has been demo...

In the 1990s, patenting schemes changed in many respects: upcoming new technologies accelerated the shift from price competition towards competition based on technical inventions, a worldwide surge in patenting took place, and the ‘patent thicket’ arose as a consequence of strategic patenting. This study analyzes the importance of patenting versus secrecy as an effective alternative to protect ...

IV. PATENTABILITY OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL INVENTIONS IN EUROPE............................................................................ 583 A. The European Patent Convention............................. 583 B. Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union on the Legal Protection of Biotechnological Inventions ...... 589 1. Procedure for Adoption of a Directi...

At least since Arrow (1962), economists have believed that strong property rights are necessary for firms to invest in innovation. This belief was a key principle underlying the Bayh-Dole Act, which gave universities the right to own and license federally funded inventions, because the commercialization of university inventions requires private firm investment in development, given the early st...

This paper seeks to add to our understanding of how the creative process might affect patent value by investigating the possible effect of a further, as yet unexplored characteristic, “leisure time invention,” where the main insight leading to the invention emerges when the inventor is not engaged in paid work. Leisure time inventions, if mentioned in the literature at all, are disparaged as be...

This paper studies the inventive performance and profitability of small and medium sized firms (SMEs) that are “technology specialists” compared to the inventive performance and profitability of SMEs that are instead vertically-integrated. In this paper perspective, “technology specialists” are firms that specialize upstream in generating inventions and trade those inventions in disembodied for...

The extensive academic literature on innovation has long recognized product users as a potentially important source of ideas. While prior work has primarily focused on understanding the unique motivations and knowledge that allow users to generate their own innovations, we extend existing theory to investigate the contribution of users to corporate invention. We draw on the knowledge-based view...

Introduction ........................................................................................610 I. Business and Technological Realities in the World of Biotechnology ...........................................................................611 II. Reach-Through Patent Claims .................................................616 III. Fundamental Legal Framework for Treatment of ReachThr...