Liquid hot (LHW) water pretreatment (LHW) of lignocellulosic material enhances enzymatic conversion of cellulose to glucose by solubilizing hemicellulose fraction of the biomass, while leaving the cellulose more reactive and accessible to cellulase enzymes. Within the range of pretreatment conditions tested in this study, the optimized LHW pretreatment conditions for a 15% (wt/vol) slurry of hy...

Intermediate lipid structures such as inverted micelles and interlamellar attachments, which can form near liquid crystalline lamellar (L alpha) to inverted hexagonal (HII) phase boundaries, are thought to play a role in membrane fusion. To investigate whether these structures are also involved in influenza hemagglutinin-mediated membrane fusion, measurement of fusion under conditions where suc...

In many species, Suc en route out of the leaf migrates from photosynthetically active mesophyll cells into the phloem down its concentration gradient via plasmodesmata, i.e. symplastically. In some of these plants, the process is entirely passive, but in others phloem Suc is actively converted into larger sugars, raffinose and stachyose, and segregated (trapped), thus raising total phloem sugar...

Three saponins were extracted and isolated from starfish by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and analyzed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS). Their molecular weight information could be obtained by the presence of abundant [M+Na]+ ions and weak [M+H]+ ions in FAB-MS spectra. Moreover, high resolution mass measurements of their [M+Na]+ ions were perf...

Considered to be the cleanest liquid fuel, bioethanol can be a reliable alternative to fossil fuels. It is produced by fermentation of sugar components of plant materials. The common onions are considered to be a favorable source of fermentation products as they have high sugar contents as well as contain various nutrients. This study focused on the effective production of ethanol from an endem...

Synergy and antagonism between sugar-based surfactants, a group of environmentally benign surfactants, and cationic surfactants and nonionic ethoxylated surfactants have been investigated in this study with solids which adsorbs only one or other when presented alone. Sugar-based n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside (DM) does not adsorb on silica by itself. However, in mixtures with cationic dodecyltrimethyl...

A rapid, sensitive extraction method was developed using the mixture MethanolDichloromethane-Water (MDW) (0.3:4:1v/v/v) and MeOH-H2O phase was assayed for sugar analysis. Photodiode-array detection (DAD) has been used to prove the extracted compound is UV inactive, High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with Evaporative Light Scattering Detector (ELSD) coupled to electrospray ionization ...

Fifteen different structures of terminal GalNAc-containing N-linked oligosaccharides from human urinary kallidinogenase have been identified. These N-linked oligosaccharides were mostly neutral, because sialic acid content was lower than 0.13 mol of sialic acid/mol of sugar chain, and sulfate was not detected. The oligosaccharides were released from pepsin-digested protein by glycoamidase A (fr...

In the conversion of woody biomass feedstocks into liquid fuel ethanol, the pretreatment process is the most critical and costly step. Variations in biomass composition based on genetic differences or environmental effects have a significant impact on the degree of accessibility accomplished by pretreatment and subsequent sugar release by enzymatic hydrolysis. To evaluate this, biomass from 10 ...

BACKGROUND Lignocellulosic biomass has the potential to be a major source of renewable sugar for biofuel production. Before enzymatic hydrolysis, biomass must first undergo a pretreatment step in order to be more susceptible to saccharification and generate high yields of fermentable sugars. Lignin, a complex, interlinked, phenolic polymer, associates with secondary cell wall polysaccharides, r...