in the war between ottomans and safavids dynasty, two thirds of kurdistan area was separated from iran, and joined the ottoman territories. the ottoman empire was defeated in world war i and kurdistan was divided among turkey, iraq, syria, and a small part joined the soviet russia, i.e. armenia, azerbaijan, and georgia. concerning the kurdish governments which were established in iran being led...

Identifying whether there is a nexus between Iraq and Afghanistan combat injuries and civilian violence on return from deployment is complicated by differences in reactions of individuals to combat exposure, the overlapping effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the low base rate of civilian violence after combat exposure. Moreover, the overall pre...

iea Introduction Concern about war between some Western countries and Iraq has mounted in recent weeks. War with Iraq may have important economic consequences as well as political and security-related consequences. First-order consequences might include increased oil prices and also higher defence expenditure at a time when it appears that tax revenues will be rising much more slowly than gover...

2014 marks the centennial of the outbreak of World War I—the first war that saw the large-scale use of chemical weapons. Although poisons have been used in warfare for centuries, it was rapid advances in science and engineering and the rise of the modern chemical industry that made the mass production of toxic chemicals possible. The horrors of gas warfare led to the signing of the Geneva Proto...

I read with interest the recent published article (1) in your esteemed journal. The Presented data regarding the prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection in this paper was very interesting. However, I would like to highlight some points for more clarification of the issue. The prevalence of HAV infection differs in various parts of the world based on the geographic area, sanitary conditi...

formation, institutional development, and function of irgc armored unit in the iran- iraq war have an interesting story. here, roundtable and exclusive interview sections have refered to this issue. earlier, the difficult conditions of the war years were mentioned. iranian forces used their weak capabilities and their war plunders to crate an elementary armored unit. here, some documents about ...

Abstract Iran's January 2020 missile attacks on US military bases in Iraq following the assassination of Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps General Qasem Soleimani correspond to a stark change approach. Iran has namely abstained from using its ballistic program (BMP), which was only used twice after 1980–88 Iran–Iraq War: 2017 and 2018, both instances retaliation against ISIS attacks. The articl...

BACKGROUND The eye is one of the most sensitive organs to sulfur mustard (SM) [C4H8Cl2S], and preliminary symptoms of exposure usually become evident in the eyes. In this study we aim to evaluate the possible long-term retinal electrophysiologic complications of SM poisoning in Iranian veterans during Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988). METHODS In a cross-sectional study forty Iranian veterans who wer...

BACKGROUND Although in the last few years there has been an increasing attention to the problem of landmines, to date, the implications of women being victims of landmine has not been duly dealt with in the world including Iran, which is estimated to be the second most landmine infested country in the world. Still, provinces by the west border of Iran, 18 years after cessation of Iraq-Iran war ...

BACKGROUND This study sought to review the articles published by Iranian neurosurgeons regarding their experiences during the Iraq-Iran conflict and compare them with reports from other conflicts. METHODS We searched databases (MEDLINE and 2 Iranian databases, namely IranMedex and Scientific Information Database, up to December 2011) and references for relevant studies. The search terms inclu...