Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) has been proposed as a management tool for nutritionists and dairy farmers to use as a monitor for protein feeding rates and nitrogen metabolism in lactating dairy cows. Dietary crude protein (CP) content has the greatest nutritional influence on MUN concentrations and has the potential to be used as a management tool for assessing dietary protein feeding. The MUN conce...

As ruminants are able to digest fibre efficiently and assuming that competition for feed v. food use would intensify in the future, cereals and other field crops should primarily be destined to cover the dietary needs of humans and monogastric animals such as poultry and pigs. Farming systems with a reduced or absent concentrate supplementation, as postulated by organic agriculture associations...

Abstract The aim of the current experiment is to reduce heat stress on imported Holstein cows in central Iraq during months August and September. Using 12 multiparous from milk-producing raised station, divided into three treatments each treatment containing 4 cows. C = without spraying (control treatment), T1 sprayed once a day at 1 pm T2 twice 11 am pm. results statistical analysis indicated ...

description of lactation curve were investigated using sine function, compare it with two functions (dijekstra and wood). the data contained 32233 dairy milk yield records from 93 first parity iranian holstein cows that had calving between aug. 2008 and jul. 2009. actual milk production per day and subsequently the actual production of each animal were available in the first lactation. lactatio...

postmortem examination of a 5.5-year-old holstein cow with history of sudden death showed a veryhuge spleen (120 × 45 × 10 cm) associated with severe haemoperitoneum. histopathological findingsincluded extensive infiltration of medium to large sized lymphocytic and lymphoblastic cells with smallamounts of cytoplasm, round nuclei with coarsely granular chromatin in the spleen, and limited foci o...

A 4-year-old Holstein cow with progressive atrophy and ataxia was submitted for diagnosis. The postmortem examination revealed multifocal yellowish nodules in the pulmonary parenchyma vegetative masses mitral tricuspid valve of heart. Both kidneys were severely enlarged, multiple yellow on parenchyma. Histopathologically, abscesses, endocarditis, suppurative glomerulonephritis, fibrino-purulent...

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a partial substitution of soybean meal with field pea (Pisum sativum) in Holstein lactating dairy cow diets on dry matter intake, milk yield and composition, blood metabolites, rumen ammonia-N concentration and pH. Eighteen lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned into three groups based on parity, days in milk, and mil...