Our objective in this paper is to analyze the degree of political dominance exercised by the executive power on cabinets in presidential systems. According to the 1990s debate, in contrast to parliamentary systems where a joint decision-making process is prevalent, presidential systems are characterized by a non-collegial decisionmaking process, led and personalized in the figure of the preside...

Most scholars focus on whether the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines effectively constrain judges or result in disparate decisions based on a court’s or defendant’s location. With few exceptions, studies of the effect of judicial attributes on federal-district-court-sentencing cases have been stymied by the United States Sentencing Commission’s refusal to release judges’ names in their databases of se...

This article develops a theory of messes, defined as disorderly accumulations of varied entities. More specifically, it examines disorder caused by individual, or collective human agents, in hierarchically-ordered and complex systems – systems composed of sub-systems that, in turn, have their own subsystems, and so on. Such hierarchical-complex systems include filing systems (filing cabinet, dr...

The recently published paper entitled ‘Obesity management in Europe: current status and objectives for the future’ (Obes Facts 2016; 9: 273–283) summarizes the results of a survey on obesity management conducted in 23 member countries of the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) [1] . The team of authors includes experts both in obesity management and in obesity prevention and em...

May we be protected by Allah the Almighty from self-aggrandisement (ta‘ẓīmun al-dhāti تعظيم الذات), self-delusion (wahmun al-dhātiوهم الذات ) and vanity (ghurūr غرور). Our resolve is to always on Path of Divine instead Shaitan. 1. SHIP: Sacrifice (prioritising commitments), Humility (humbling experiences), Intention (solely for Allah), Passion (from heart). 2. FIMA: Immediate involvement in int...