I argue that in quantum field theory: i) the scheme-invariant area ∆a of the graph of the effective beta function between the fixed points defines the length of the RG flow; ii) the minimum of ∆a in the space of flows connecting the same UV and IR fixed points defines the (oriented) distance between the fixed points; iii) in even dimensions, the distance between the fixed points is equal to ∆a ...

Natural convection in an inclined rectangular cavity filled with air is numerically investigated. The cavity is heated and cooled along the active walls whereas the two other walls of the cavity are adiabatic. Entropy generation due to heat transfer and fluid friction has been determined in transient state for laminar natural convection by solving numerically: the continuity, momentum and energ...

für Naturforschung in cooperation with the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Dieses Werk wurde im Jahr 2013 vom Verlag Zeitschrift für Naturforschung in Zusammenarbeit mit der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. digitalisiert und unter folgender Lizenz veröffentlicht: Creative Commons Namen...

Civil and Environmental Engineering) Intermittency and Irreversibility in the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere System

Investments in abatement technology are often characterised by irreversibility and significant implementation lags, whereas emissions permits can be traded at any time. As such, permit trading systems hardly perfect substitutes. We formally study the flexibility of propose a unified framework to rationalise impact both investment/divestment lags relation price permits. Using option pricing conc...

In a macroscopic (quantum or classical) Hamiltonian system, we prove the second law of thermodynamics in the forms of the minimum work principle and the law of entropy increase, under the assumption that the initial state is described by a general equilibrium distribution. Therefore the second law is a logical necessity once we accept equilibrium statistical mechanics. Note added (December, 200...