Introduction: The Kalash are the only non-Muslim ethnic group living in three small and beautiful valleys of district Chitral. They are the last tribe of the Kafirs of the Hindu Kush. The Kalash exhibit, perhaps, one of the ancient and unique primitive traditions and cultures. They are living with the Muslims in this region for a long period of time, and had been under Muslim rule most of this ...

1 M.Sc student, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 2 Department of Chemistry, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran 3 Ph.D Student, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran 4 Ph.D Student, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 5 Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran,...


 Arabic legal documents from early Islamic Egypt are attested in papyrus collections . These exhibit a formulaic structure that is clearly distinct those of the Byzantine Greek tradition documents, which continued to be written first century. The reflect had its origins Ḥijāz Arabia. This article examines background this Ḥijāzī tradition, with particular focus on opening formula and witne...

This paper explores some of the issues that arise in the regulation of Islamic capital market products and services. As many of the products are distributed to retail clients by Islamic banks and through the Islamic windows of conventional banks, it is also pertinent to deal with the regulation of these institutions, not least because of the distinctive liability and asset structures of Islamic...

the present article deals with the performing prostration or sajdah, on imam husain’s turbah, the clay obtained from karbala where imam husain (pbuh) attained his holiness’s martyrdom. in so doing, we first investigate the superiority of prostration on clay, found in islamic narrations and traditions from shiite and sunnite points of view. it is upon these traditions that we prove that prostrat...

the traditions transmitted from the infallible imams (a. s.) are one of the most important resources of jurisprudential rulings. there are some conditions for any tradition to be accepted and islamic scholars have identified several ways for investigating that whither the conditions are met in a given tradition or not. some of these conditions are related to the narrators of a tradition, such a...

individual differences among human beings are clear and undeniable. many of these differences are due to genetic or environmental factors. in this article, we have studied the individual differences caused by genetic factors according to the quran and the traditions of ahlulbayt (pbuh). this research has been organized by analytic and descriptive approach. after the extraction and classificatio...

all of religions free towards society in Kazakhstan. Considering that Islam is more widespread religion in the region, Islamic industry is developing sector of Economy. There are some new sectors of Halal (Islamic) industry, which have importance for state developing on the whole. One of the youngest sectors of Halal industry is Islamic tourism, which became an object of disputes and led to dil...