As the Turks outside Ottoman Empire lost their independence from 1885 and ideas such as Ottomanism Pan-Islamism were overwhelmed with zeitgeist, idea of unity emerged a worldview new image civilization in Turkic World, which reinterpreted its civilizational identity within framework multilevel reconstruction period. This study addresses centuries-long historical cultural heritage world by repre...

The article explores the evolving role of Islamism in Russian national security discourse from post-Soviet conflicts North Caucasus to present engagement Syria. It traces development term “Wahhabi” as a shorthand for Islamist practices, including subversive and violent activity, how that label has come be replaced by an even more amorphous specter “international terrorists” main source such thr...