As threats to human security, epidemics cause fear and anxiety, thus generating conspiracy theories, fake news, discrimination. In 2020, the most widespread xenophobic reaction Covid-19 pandemic was Sinophobia. comparison, India’s response both conventional exceptional. Like other countries, India recorded a surge in Sinophobia; but –remarkably– Islamophobia too. Turning history theory, this pa...

The stigmatization of Islam with Islamophobia in Indonesia leads to a formless war that makes <em>jihad</em> struggles under the Qur’an and Hadith “sacred canopy theory” approach. interpretation words <em>shahid</em>, <em>jihad</em>, <em>qital</em> turned into holy warrior who was then suggested as terrorists. This research is based on literature ...