In this paper we describe the moduli space of kinks in a class of systems of two coupled real scalar fields in (1+1) Minkowskian space-time. The main feature of the class is the spontaneous breaking of a discrete symmetry of (real) Ginzburg-Landau type that guarantees the existence of kink topological defects.

This paper presents our machine translation system that developed for the WAT2016 evaluation tasks of ja-en, ja-zh, en-ja, zh-ja, JPCja-en, JPCja-zh, JPCen-ja, JPCzh-ja. We build our system based on encoder–decoder framework by integrating recurrent neural network (RNN) and gate recurrent unit (GRU), and we also adopt an attention mechanism for solving the problem of information loss. Additiona...

Carbon monoxide (CO) acts as an important signal in many physiological responses in plants, but its role in plant secondary metabolism is still unknown. Nicotine is the main alkaloid generated in tobacco and the plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) has previously been reported to efficiently induce its biosynthesis. Whether and how CO interacts with JA to regulate nicotine biosynthesis in tobacco r...

The diverse functions of jasmonates (JAs) in plant cells are reflected by the extensive reprogramming of gene expression after JA perception. Here, we review the transcriptome signatures associated with JA signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana and other plant species. Transcript profiling studies clearly highlight the renowned capacity of JAs to elicit evolutionarily distant metabolic pathways acr...

Tarkoitukseni on seuraavassa, matematiikan ja tietotekniikan monimuotoisia vuorovaikutussuhteita tarkastelevassa katsauksessani muistuttaa joistakin näiden oppiaineiden historiallisista ja tieteellisistä yhteyksistä, jotka nykyisessä tietotekniikkakeskustelussa pyrkivät mielestäni aiheettomasti unohtumaan. Kirjoituksen lopussa esitän joitakin huomioita myös tietotekniikan suhteesta varsinaisiin...

The plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) plays a pivotal role in plant-insect interactions. Herbivore attack usually elicits dramatic increases in JA concentrations, which in turn activate the accumulation of metabolites that function as defenses against herbivores. Although almost all enzymes involved in the biosynthesis pathway of JA have been identified and characterized, the mechanism by which ...

Both jasmonic acid (JA) and its methyl ester, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), are thought to be significant components of the signaling pathway regulating the expression of plant defense genes in response to various stresses. JA and MeJA are plant lipid derivatives synthesized from [alpha]-linolenic acid by a lipoxygenase-mediated oxygenation leading to 13-hydroperoxylinolenic acid, which is subsequen...

The oxylipin jasmonic acid (JA) and its metabolites, collectively known as jasmonates, are important plant signaling molecules that mediate biotic and abiotic stress responses as well as aspects of growth and development. Although it is well known that JA regulates transcription, the mechanism of this regulation has been largely unknown. Recently, this situation changed dramatically with the di...

The oxylipin jasmonic acid (JA) and its metabolites, collectively known as jasmonates, are important plant signaling molecules that mediate biotic and abiotic stress responses as well as aspects of growth and development. Although it is well known that JA regulates transcription, the mechanism of this regulation has been largely unknown. Recently, this situation changed dramatically with the di...

Immunity deteriorates with age in animals but comparatively little is known about the temporal regulation of plant resistance to herbivores. The phytohormone jasmonate (JA) is a key regulator of plant insect defense. Here, we show that the JA response decays progressively in Arabidopsis. We show that this decay is regulated by the miR156-targeted SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE9 (SPL9) g...