A versatile continuous-flow synthesis of highly functionalized 1,2,4-oxadiazoles starting from carboxylic acids is reported. This process was applied to the multistep synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles, using a three reactor, multistep continuous-flow system without isolation of intermediates. This continuous-flow method was successfully combined with a single-step liquid...

We report a large-scale synthesis of single-crystalline LiNbO3 nanowires with diameters of 300–400 nm, containing only minor amounts of impurities, using a modified molten salt procedure. The isolated product is composed of rhombohedral-phase LiNbO3 nanowires with the c-axis oriented along its length. Raman investigations further confirm the purity and ferroelectric order of the nanowires and a...

While analyzing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) it is necessary to determine both the assay of the drug substance itself and the content of impurities in a drug substance. The ideal situation is when both assay of drug substance and content of related substances can be determined simultaneously (1). However, as the impurities must be determined at relatively low levels, it is often imp...

UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Clematichinenoside AR is a promising lead compound for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A systematic research for the related impurities in AR bulk samples is still lacking. For the safe use of this natural product in future clinical practice, the structure and content of each constituent, including the main ingredient as well as the impurities in AR bulk sample m...

Reference Standards For reference standards used as primary standards for pharmaceutical quality control, stability testing and inprocess control of herbal medicinal products and respective starting materials a dossier together with a certificate of analysis must be available. In this dossier information on identity testing (e.g. by NMR, MS, IR, UV), purity testing (e.g. water content, residual...

Abstract Cocoa Pod Husk (CPH) is the main by-product of cocoa pods (Theobroma cacao L.) with 67-76% fruit weight. However, CPH has a negative impact if it not utilized and disposed directly in environment. The fiber content form lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin. Cellulose content, especially α-cellulose high potential further utilized, one which nanocellulose. This study aims to produce...

The development of drugs and biologicals for human injection generated from recombinant DNA and hybridoma technologies has resulted in new standards for product purity. We discuss the regulatory position relative to impurities in these biopharmaceuticals, focusing on the analytical goals for quantitation. Current methods for making these measurements are reviewed, and a new system designed for ...

This paper presents the mean 1963-64 data for each factory participating in the Mutual Milling Control Project. The results confirm the trends pointed out in the second Progress Report. An example of the increase in efficiency to be gained by the installation of a shredder is cited and discussed. An attempt is made to point out factors which may effect the drop in purity from first to last expr...

Raw sugar colour is an increasing sugar quality concern, not because of a decline in the quality of South African very high pol raws but rather due to rapid improvements in the raw house colours in the rest of the world. Technically, raw sugar with lower colour has direct implications for the refiner’s effort and cost of processing that sugar. Enormous benefits could be derived if colourants co...

AIM To investigate the effect of blueberry juice intake on rat liver fibrosis and its influence on hepatic antioxidant defense. METHODS Rabbiteye blueberry was used to prepare fresh juice to feed rats by daily gastric gavage. Dan-shao-hua-xian capsule (DSHX) was used as a positive control for liver fibrosis protection. Liver fibrosis was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by subcutaneous inj...