A tree T , in an edge-colored graph G, is called a rainbow tree if no two edges of T are assigned the same color. A k-rainbow coloring of G is an edge coloring of G having the property that for every set S of k vertices of G, there exists a rainbow tree T in G such that S ⊆ V (T ). The minimum number of colors needed in a k-rainbow coloring of G is the k-rainbow index of G, denoted by rxk(G). G...

Abstract In this study, we investigate the collapsing scenario for k- essence emergent Vaidya spacetime in context of massive gravity's rainbow. For consider that background metric is We show gravity closely resembles new type generalized with rainbow deformations null fluid collapse, where scalar field as a function solely advanced or retarded time. The mass also different. This satisfies requ...

‎for any integer $kgeq 1$‎, ‎a set $s$ of vertices in a graph $g=(v,e)$ is a $k$-‎tuple total dominating set of $g$ if any vertex‎ ‎of $g$ is adjacent to at least $k$ vertices in $s$‎, ‎and any vertex‎ ‎of $v-s$ is adjacent to at least $k$ vertices in $v-s$‎. ‎the minimum number of vertices of such a set‎ ‎in $g$ we call the $k$-tuple total restrained domination number of $g$‎. ‎the maximum num...

Given an edge-coloured graph, we say that a subgraph is rainbow if all of its edges have different colours. Let $\operatorname{ex}(n,H,$rainbow-$F)$ denote the maximal number copies $H$ properly graph on $n$ vertices can contain it has no isomorphic to $F$. We determine order magnitude $\operatorname{ex}(n,C_s,$rainbow-$C_t)$ for $s,t$ with $s\not =3$. In particular, answer question Gerbner, M\...

A path in an edge-colored graph is rainbow if no two edges of it are colored the same. The graph is said to be rainbow connected if there is a rainbow path between every pair of vertices. If there is a rainbow shortest path between every pair of vertices, the graph is strong rainbow connected. We consider the complexity of the problem of deciding if a given edge-colored graph is rainbow or stro...

Let G be a finite and simple graph with vertex set V (G), and let f: V (G)→ {−1, 1} be a two-valued function. If k > 1 is an integer and ∑ x∈N[v] f(x) > k for each v ∈ V (G), where N [v] is the closed neighborhood of v, then f is a signed k-dominating function on G. A set {f1, f2, . . . , fd} of signed kdominating functions on G with the property that ∑ d i=1 fi(x) 6 k for each x ∈ V (G), is ca...

We propose a memory efficient self-stabilizing protocol building k-independant dominating sets. A k-independant dominating set is a k-independant set and a k-dominating set. A set of nodes, I, is kindependent if the distance between any pair of nodes in I is at least k + 1. A set of nodes, D, is a k-dominating if every node is within distance k of a node of D. Our algorithm, named SID, is silen...

3 A function f : V (G) → {+1,−1} defined on the vertices of a graph G is a signed domi4 nating function if for any vertex v the sum of function values over its closed neighborhood 5 is at least one. The signed domination number γs(G) of G is the minimum weight of a 6 signed dominating function on G. By simply changing “{+1,−1}” in the above definition 7 to “{+1, 0,−1}”, we can define the minus ...

A Roman dominating function (RDF) on a graph $G$ is a function $f : V (G) to {0, 1, 2}$satisfying the condition that every vertex $u$ for which $f(u) = 0$ is adjacent to at least onevertex $v$ for which $f(v) = 2$. A Roman dominating function $f$ is called an outer-independentRoman dominating function (OIRDF) on $G$ if the set ${vin Vmid f(v)=0}$ is independent.The (outer-independent) Roman dom...

Definition of dominating function on a fractional graph G has been introduced. Fractional parameters such as domination number and upper defined. Domination with fuzzy Intuitionistic environment, have found by formulating Linear Programming Problem.