Abstract Modern electrical power system design will increase renewable energy sources (RES) dominance. Rotating masses, the main source of inertia in systems, have been greatly decreased producing systems. Thus, load–frequency equilibrium is an important indicator these systems' performance and safety. This work introduces a fractional‐order (FO) operator‐based cascade control structure for isl...

In the power system, any sudden load changes leads to the deviation in tie-line power and the frequency. So load frequency control is an issue in power system operation and control for supplying sufficient and reliable electric power with good quality. The main goal of the load frequency control of a power system is to maintain the frequency of each area and tie-line power flow with in prescrib...

Recently, a large number of photovoltaic (PV) power stations has been connected to power systems. Penetration of PV power stations may give some impacts on balancing between supply and demand in power systems. The representative impact is frequency variation which is caused by short-term fluctuations in power outputs from PV stations. Therefore, its investigation and evaluation are important be...

This paper provides a comparison of the performance and the design steps for four robust static output feedback Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers. The first one presents an Iterative PID (IPID) that guarantees the stability of the closed-loop system. In the second and the third controllers, Iterative PID based on H2 (IPIDH2) and H∞ (IPIDHI) performances, respectively, are inves...

The control of generating resources to follow the unscheduled load changes is considered to be an essential process in the power system in order to maintain the frequency of power supply. This load frequency control (LFC) problem has been given more importance in the recent smart grid environment because of the impact from high penetration of distributed energy resources (DER) installed at the ...

Abstract -This paper presents a generalized model for load frequency control (LFC) design in a hybrid multi-area deregulated power system including physical constraints. Renewable energy source named doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind energy source is integrated into the system that provides the modified emulating inertial control and reduces the deviations in frequency and tie-li...

Load frequency control (LFC) is one of the significant ancillary services in the electricity markets. The major concerns with LFC models have long been their dynamic response and complexity, as well as market price sensitivity. To cater to the complexity of the dynamic model that is introduced by the LFC and algebraic constraints by the transmission network, the differential-algebraic equation ...

Load frequency control (LFC) has recently gained importance due to the increasing integration of wind energy in contemporary power systems. Hence, several system models, techniques, and controllers have been developed improve efficiency, resilience, flexibility, economic feasibility LFC. Critical factors, such as systems, resources, optimization approaches, transient stability studied demonstra...

Abstract To improve the stability of a wind-diesel hybrid microgrid, frequency control strategy is designed by using energy storage system and adjustable diesel generator with load (LFC). The objective to quickly respond disturbed reduce deviation restore stability. By evaluating area error, disturbance state can be divided into four different areas corresponding for precise adjustments. For ge...