This paper examines how a tariff affects firms’ efforts to produce safer foods that are supplied to consumers whose preference for safety of foods are different. I analyze the optimal trade policy for importing country that can impose a tariff or a subsidy on the foods. I show that the raise in tariff rate makes importing country’s firm chooses less effort to produce safer foods but foreign fir...

flowing the uruguay round negotiations (1986-1994), the world trade system has evolved. on the basis of agreements of this round, world trade organization (wto) members have been obligated to decrease tariff obstacles, non-tariff restrains and trade supports. the use of trade liberalizing policies (tariff obstacles and non-tariff restrains) by members and observing countries has had significant...

In the negotiations on agriculture in the World Trade Organization, it was asserted that an importing state trading enterprise affects the domestic market but not the international market. This claim is investigated through specifying a model of intermediaries in international trade. There are two kinds of intermediaries: first, a state trading enterprise; and second, an n-firm Cournot oligopso...

Distributed electricity producers, such as small wind farms and solar installations, pose several technical and economic challenges in Smart Grid design. One approach to addressing these challenges is through Broker Agentswho buy electricity from distributed producers, and also sell electricity to consumers, via a Tariff Market–a new market mechanism where Broker Agents publish concurrent bid a...

This paper explores the impact on the Southern Mediterranean Countries (SMC) of the current process of trade liberalisation with the European Union. The methodology is that of computable general equilibrium modelling under imperfect competition and the model includes 10 countries and 11 sectors. This allows for both a cross-country and cross-sectoral analysis of the results. The experiments con...

there are various causes for inflation in macroeconomics. one of the important channels of experiencing inflation is through the international economy caused by external shocks. in this context, the impact of exchange rate volatilities on domestic prices known as exchange rate pass-through (erpt) plays a vital role. the present paper deals with the impact of exchange rate pass-through on inflat...

In rate making process the statistical information on claim experience are combined with observable variables describing the risks, in order to build a tariff. The observable variables considered in the tariff structure are called tariff variables and the premium for a new risk is estimated from the observed values of these variables. In this process, many statistical methods and mathematical a...

Low-income households spend a substantial share of their income on utility services such as electricity, heating and water. The difficulty these socially vulnerable consumers have in affording further tariff increases is often used as an argument against tariff reform. However, detailed information on the utility expenditures of different consumer groups and the affordability implications of ta...

This paper investigates the relationship between tariff and growth in the Australian economy over the period from 1871 to 2002. The study is motivated by the debate on the apparent ‘tariff-growth paradox’, a sign switch in the link between tariff rate and growth between the first and second episodes of globalization in world history, established from cross-country growth regressions. The long a...