The optimal Waste Load Allocation (WLA) problem, in general, is a mathematical model incorporating a water quality simulator within the framework of multi objective optimization. The goals are defined as to improve the water quality and minimize the total treatment cost of dischargers. The fraction removal levels of the dischargers are the decision variables. This paper explores the capabilitie...

the world is facing severe challenges in meeting the rapidly growing demand for water resources. in addition,irrigation water which is the largest use of water in most developing countries and arid and semi arid regions, will likelyhave to be diverted increasingly to meet the needs of the households in urban areas and industry sectors whilst remaining aprime engine of agricultural growth. a lin...

Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) infrastructure projects typically involve a plethora of risks. Given that many risks which are traditionally borne by the government get transferred to the private sector, careful risk allocation is considered to be the key to successful PPP projects. This paper focuses on the current risk allocation practice within Indonesia’s water supply projects. The paper c...

the water and wastewater considered as one of capital intensive industrials in iran because it has 436 thousand milliard rial in fixed asset, 32.8 million rial in monopolistic market and the share of 0.05 % in gdp. the statistics showed that there is approximately 22 % of facilities and equipment in industrial production process as uncompleted projects. the need for macro investment, the limite...

Layered multicast is a promising technique for distributing video to a set of heterogeneous receivers. While several layered multicast approaches have been proposed, prior work usually perform adaptation on the receiver’s side and use static rate allocation techniques at the sender’s side. In this paper, we show an adaptation framework that improves stability and fairness of receivers by employ...