Despite celebrations from governments, corporations and international financial institutions around increasing economic growth, the majority of world’s urban labour force continues to work under informal conditions, lacking enforceable contracts, adequate earnings, democratic representation, secure employment social protection. The pervasiveness globally has given rise numerous calls adopt a wi...

The retained placenta is a significant cause of maternal mortality and morbidity throughout the developing world. It complicates 2% of all deliveries and has a case mortality rate of nearly 10% in rural areas. Ultrasound studies have provided fresh insights into the mechanism of the third stage of labour and the aetiology of the retained placenta. Following delivery of the baby, the retro-place...

PURPOSE The global economy is changing the labour market and social protection systems in Europe. The effect of both changes on health needs to be monitored in view of an ageing population and the resulting increase in prevalence of chronic health conditions. The Spanish WORKing life Social Security (WORKss) cohort study provides unique longitudinal data to study the impact of labour trajectori...

S ince at least the late 1970s, ‘‘flexible production’’ has commonly been considered as a positive and necessary innovation to ensure sustainable economic growth. 2 The need to be ‘‘flexible’’ has been proposed for workplace technical systems, schedules and salaries, and ‘‘flexibility’’ has even been recognised as a positive feature of a worker’s personality. Increasing labour flexibility means...

We propose a general methodology to measure labour market dynamics, inspired by the search and matching framework, based on estimate of transition rates between states. show how instantaneous starting from discrete time observations provided in longitudinal datasets, allowing for any number illustrate potential such using Italian data. First, we decompose unemployment rate fluctuations into inf...

The scope and structure of multiple jobholding its consequences for jobholders are changing in many Western economies. Only limited quantitative empirical knowledge is currently available on the features whether economic vulnerability has been over time. In this article we focus position trends compared with single Europe. We study terms working hours, workers’ desire to work more in-work pover...

Labour productivity affects food security, but quantifying this relationship has been scarce with respect to empirical literature. The Central Madagascar dataset explores the influence of labour productivity and related variables on the food security status of cassava farmers. Drawing on both theory and empirical evidence, this paper argues that fundamental effects of links between labour produ...

In recent years, Nigeria witnessed significant labour migration coupled with reduction in rural agricultural productivity. Youths abandoned farms for ventures with high returns and less drudgery in cities thus labour availability in peak agricultural seasons became scarce. The declining farm population constituting mostly women and old men are not capable of producing sufficient food for the no...

Incomplete contracts and inadequate enforcement of labor rights, together with the asymmetry power between a worker her employer, create an environment where employer can forcibly extract additional services (e.g. unpaid overtime or sexual favors) from beyond mutually agreed terms exchange. We show that coercive impositions co-exist voluntary transactions in labour market, positive incidence co...

the kind of contracts of government and public organisations that relates public affaires, that named public or administrative contracts , are very important to fulfil legal duties of government, and public contracts are new forms of providing public welfare, and management of public services, that are based on consenting instead of being authoritarian, but had been studied less in iran law bec...