Background: Vitiligo is an acquired skin disorder that selectively destroys melanocytes in epidermis with an unknown etiology.   Objective: To investigate the exon 1 A49G polymorphism of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (ctla-4) gene in vitiligo patients.   Methods: The A49G polymorphism was detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method in 101...

background: despite the wide range of applications, there is a serious lack of information on the impact of the nanoparticles on human health and the environment. the present study was done to determine the range of dangerous concentrations of iron oxide nanoparticle and their effects on mouse embryonic stem cells. methods: iron oxide nanoparticles with less than 20 nanometers diameter were enc...

Backgrounds: Subclinical ketosis can cause greater economic loss due to a lack of clinical symptoms. Objectives: The present study was aimed to design a chemical method for measuring serum ketone bodies in the affected subclinical cows. Methods: Acetoacetate concentrations were measured using a nitroprusside reaction and b-hydroxy butyric acid (BHBA) which was oxidized to acetoacetate using nan...

Introduction: Exposure to high concentrations of fluoride in drinking water can negatively affect lung, liver and kidney tissues, and cause skeleton pain; however, lack of fluoride can cause tooth decay and bone problems. Materials and Methods: In this study, the concentration of fluoride was investigated and its spatial distribution was carried out with Arc GIS software in underground water o...

to study the effect of nitrogen form and ph of nutrient solution on the uptake and concentration of fe, zn, cu and mn in roots and shoots of spinach plant, a factorial experiment was conducted with two factors including nutrient solution ph in three levels (4.5, 6.5 and 8.0) and nitrate to ammonium ratio of nutrient solution in five levels (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100). the experiment ...