Local thermal flows may be organized where there is a local horizontal pressure gradient due to differential surface heating or cooling. According to a simple conceptual model of katabatic flows (e.g. Egger 1990), they develop in sloping topography where the air at the surface cools relative to the air aloft, e.g. due to radiative cooling on clear nights. The cold and heavy air flows downslope ...

Wind energy development has been limited by concerns associated to the varying features in wind speed which tends destabilize power system. This study aims clarify variability of winds within a day Philippines, specifically hourly changes onshore horizontal at 100-m hub-heights. A whole one-year experiment using Weather Research and Forecasting model shows that speeds decrease during transition...

[1] The sea breeze is often a dominant meteorological feature at the coastline, but little is known about its estuarine impacts. Measurements at an anchored catamaran and meteorological stations along the Hudson River and New York Bay estuarine system are used to illustrate some basic characteristics and impacts of the feature. The sea breeze propagates inland, arriving in phase with peak solar...

The lake–land breeze circulation over Lake Victoria was observed in unprecedented detail with a research aircraft during the HyVic pilot flight campaign January 2019. An evening and morning lake land breezes respectively under mostly dry conditions. at various heights along transect across onshore Tanzania. Profiles of lower troposphere were recorded by dropsondes land. Convection-permitting Me...

The impact of land use change on regional climate can be substantial but also is variable in space and time. Past observational and modeling work suggests that in a ‘Mediterranean’ climate such as in California’s Central Valley, the impact of irrigated agriculture can be large in the dry season but negligible in the wet season due to seasonal variation in surface energy partitioning. Here we re...

Surface ozone (SOZ) can be very harmful if it exceeds the threshold limit. It can accumulate over sea and can return back to the land along with the breeze. Rural and vegetation rich areas often record elevated levels of surface ozone because of the variations in Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) levels, wind velocity and direction. Similarly methane is also an important greenhouse gas and plays ...