Across the languages of the world there is a high degree of consistency with respect to the ordering of heads of phrases. Within the generative approach to language these correlational universals have been taken to support the idea of innate linguistic constraints on word order. In contrast, we suggest that the tendency towards word order consistency may emerge from non-linguistic constraints o...

The prominent publication of Dunn, Greenhill, Levinson, and Gray's (DGLG) (2011) article in Nature, together with the associated media attention, gives typologists and theoreticians a welcome opportunity to clarify and debate what we mean by universals, and what evidence one should expect to find for or against such universals. In these remarks, I take advantage of this opportunity from a forma...

Moving in space and its expression speech is one of the linguistic universals that are expressed different ways languages. Interlanguage differences lead to creation difficulties study verbs motion a foreign audience cause any errors. The communicative significance extremely high. They used communication at all stages training. Learning prefixed greatly expands potential vocabulary learners. In...

Hundreds of differentiated syntactic rules as well as all kinds of phrase structures and conventions are dispersed over more than fifty still existing natural language systems. On the contrary meanings, represented by nouns, verbs and adjectives are internationally identical. Only the way they are carried and expressed by various national languages differs. Thus a fundamental division into two ...

To use natural language, speakers must map the participants in events or states in the world onto grammatical roles. There remains considerable disagreement about the nature of these so-called linking rules (Levin & Rappaport Hovav, 2005). In order to probe the nature of linking rules, we investigate verbs of psychological state, which demonstrate complex linking patterns both within and betwee...

Philosophers have long pondered the Problem of Universals. Socrates and Plato hypothesized that the Universals exist independent of the real world in a universe of their own. The Doctrine of the Forms was criticized by Aristotle, who stated that the Universals do not exist apart from things — a theory known as Hylomorphism. This paper postulates that Measurement in Quantum Mechanics is the proc...

The question that is at the centre of this paper is how can we go about explaining the observed constraints on variation across languages — in other words, language universals.1 What makes many of these constraints interesting is that they appear to have ‘evolved’ in that they are adaptive; a point that is made repeatedly in the functionalist literature. What I will argue here, however, is that...

Abstract This paper highlights the importance of distinction between general linguistics (the study Human Language) and particular individual languages), which is often neglected. The term “theoretical linguistics” used as if it entailed claims. But I note that (unless one studies non-conventional aspects language, e.g. reaction times in psycholinguistics) must universals wants to make These ca...