The history of refractive eye surgery is recent, but has seen rapid advancement. Older technologies, such as radial keratectomy, had the problem of overcorrection and epithelial complications. Newer technologies, such as photorefractive keratectomy, laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and laser-assisted subepithelial keratomileusis (LASEK), which require the use of laser, has revoluti...

Laser technology is used in many basic and clinical disciplines and specialties, and it has played an important role in promoting the development of ophthalmology, especially corneal refractive surgery. We provide an overview of the evolution of laser technology for use in refractive and other ophthalmologic surgeries, mainly focusing on two types of lasers and their applications. First, we dis...

Hyperopia is a common refractive error that is usually corrected with eyeglasses or contact lenses. Following the fast advancement in refractive surgery and technology, eyeglasses or contact lenses were no longer the single treatment option in refractive errors. Today, extraction of transparent lens and intraocular lens implantation, phacic intraocular lens applications and corneal surgeries ar...

Since the early 1980s, civil airmen have been allowed to correct refractive error (i.e., myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism) with corrective surgery. Prior Federal Aviation Administration research studies have shown that the number of civil airmen with refractive surgery continues to increase. A study that reviewed refractive surgery use in civil airmen for the years 1994-96, reported that the larg...

A NUMBER of biochemical and autoradiographic studies have been made on the distribution and movement of labelled substances within the neuron. Proteins labelled after in duo administration of radioactive precursors have been shown to be conveyed from the original site of synthesis down the nerve fibres at an average daily rate of a few millimetres (GRAFSTEIN, 1967; LASEK, 1968; TAYLOR and WEISS...

Aplysia californica has been used to study the protein synthetic response of nervous tissue to stress induced by elevated temperatures. The abdominal and pleural ganglia as well as associated connectives were exposed to various temperatures for 30 min, labeled with [33S]methionine at room temperature, and then analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. All cells examined responded ...