Throughout the life cycle the skeleton requires optimum development and maintenance of its integrity to prevent fracture. Bones break because the loads placed on them exceed the ability of the bone to absorb the energy involved. It is now estimated that one in three women and one in twelve men aged >55 years will suffer from osteoporosis in their lifetime and at a cost in the UK of > 1.7 pounds...

Women generally spend the last third of their lifetime in menopause, after their reproductive years have ended. During menopause, women experience a variety of predictable symptoms and conditions related to changes in sex hormone levels and aging. The menopausal transition precedes menopause by several years and is usually characterized by irregularity of the menstrual cycle and by hot flashes ...

background : with regard to an increase in the life expectancy for women and the consistency of the menopause age, a significant portion of women's age is passed after the menopause. menopause is considered as a critical and sensitive period due to the changes and the disorders that are involved in it. vasomotor symptoms, sleep disorders and psycho-mental changes are among the most prevalent sy...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The timing of menopause, perception as well as menopausal symptoms varies between populations and within populations. The main objective of the present study was to assess women's perception and experience regarding menopause, to find out symptoms and mean age of menopause and to study socio-demographic characteristics of menopaused women and to find out its relationsh...

OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency and causes of preterm ovarian failure (menopause before 40 years of age) and early menopause (menopause between 40 and 45 years). DESIGN Cross sectional study. SETTING Menopause clinics in Italy. POPULATION Women attending menopause clinics in Italy. METHODS Between 1997 and 1999 we conducted a large cross sectional study on the characteristics of wo...

Background Women with early ovarian hormone deprivation due to bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO; and fallopian tube removal) are at risk for later life Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but estradiol therapy (ET) may be protective (Rocca et al., 2007). Working memory (WM), temporarily maintaining manipulating information in mind, depends on structural integrity of fronto-parietal brain regions (Bur...

We recently demonstrated that short-term estradiol (E2) treatment improved insulin-mediated suppression of lipolysis in postmenopausal women, but to a greater extent in those who were late compared to early postmenopausal. In this follow-up study we tested whether subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) expression of estrogen receptors (ER) α and β differs between early and late postmenopausal women....

Menopause is a biopsychosocial phenomenon that encompasses woman's life transition from fertile to infertile. Although menopause can cause extremely unpleasant physical symptoms, there evidence women in Asian cultures have low rate of reported menopausal symptoms. Women's experiences, perspectives, and responses menopause, which affects women's daily lives well-being, may differ across societie...