BACKGROUND Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and latent tuberculosis are at substantial risk for the development of active tuberculosis. As a public health measure, prophylactic treatment with isoniazid has been suggested for HIV-infected persons who have anergy and are in groups with a high prevalence of tuberculosis. METHODS We conducted a multicenter, randomized, d...

This study aimed to determine to what extent tuberculosis trends in the Netherlands depend on secular trend, immigration and recent transmission. Data on patients in the Netherlands Tuberculosis Register in the period 1993-2007 were matched with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. Index patients were defined as patients with pulmonary...

We aimed to model the incidence of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis among adults using data on infection incidence in children, disease prevalence in adults, and social contact patterns. We conducted a cross-sectional face-to-face survey of adults in 2011, enumerating "close" (shared conversation) and "casual" (shared indoor space) social contacts in 16 Zambian communities and 8 South ...

conclusions here we review the clinical applications, advantages, and limitations of the tuberculin skin test and interferon-gamma release assays and provide an overview of the most recent systematic reviews conducted for the comparison of these tests. context it has been estimated that one-third of the world’s population are suffering from latent tuberculosis infection (ltbi). in order to cont...

OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the efficacy of coaching Latino adolescents with latent tuberculosis infection to adhere to isoniazid treatment. METHODS Participants (n = 286) were randomly assigned to adherence coaching, attention control, or usual care groups. Adherence was measured via interviews and validated with urine assays. RESULTS Coaching resulted in significant increases in adh...

Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) refers to a circumstance in which viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacilli are present in an individual but symptoms and signs of active disease are lacking, and the bacilli are relatively inactive metabolically. In favorable circumstances, some of these inactive bacilli resume greater metabolic activity and replication, leading to the development of ...

Latent tuberculosis infection refers to an asymptomatic, nontransmissible infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, carrying a 5% to 10% lifetime risk of progressing to active disease. One-half of this risk occurs within the first two years after infection. High-risk groups include recent immigrants from high-incidence countries, health care professionals, persons living or working in institut...

The adaptive immune response mediated by T cells is critical for control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection in humans. However, the M. tuberculosis antigens and host T-cell responses that are required for an effective adaptive immune response to M. tuberculosis infection are yet to be defined. Here, we review recent findings on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses to M. tub...

PURPOSE To observe the current situation of tuberculosis and its control measures in hemodialysis facilities in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. METHOD Questionnaires on medical dialysis and tuberculosis were sent to hemodialysis facilities in Chiba Prefecture. RESULTS The questionnaires were answered by 55 of 127 facilities. Of the respondents, 46 (83.6%) were not aware of the recommendation of tr...