Upper-airway stimulation (UAS) using a unilateral implantable neurostimulator for the hypoglossal nerve is an effective therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea patients with continuous positive airway pressure intolerance. This study evaluated stimulation effects on retropalatal and retrolingual dimensions during drug-induced sedation compared with wakefulness to assess mechanistic relationships i...

Associative fiber systems in the entorhinal cortex (EC) have been extensively studied in different mammals with tracing techniques. The largest contingent of intra-EC cortico-cortical fibers runs in the superficial layers and is distributed predominantly within longitudinal cortical bands. We studied the patterns of intrinsic EC connectivity in the in vitro isolated guinea pig brain preparation...

Functional connections between auditory fields on Heschl's gyrus (HG) and the acoustically responsive posterior lateral superior temporal gyrus (field PLST) were studied using electrical stimulation and recording methods in patients undergoing diagnosis and treatment of intractable epilepsy. Averaged auditory (click-train) evoked potentials were recorded from multicontact subdural recording arr...

Chemokine stimulation of integrin α4β1-dependent T lymphocyte adhesion is a key step during lymphocyte trafficking. A central question regarding α4β1 function is how its lateral mobility and organization influence its affinity and avidity following cell stimulation with chemokines and/or ligands. Using single particle tracking and superresolution imaging approaches, we explored the lateral mobi...

The physiological consequences of the noradrenergic (NE) hyperinnervation of the rat brain stem produced by neonatal administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was studied in the motor trigeminal nucleus. Stimulation of the region of the lateral lemniscus, the source of the noradrenergic innervation of the nucleus, facilitated the masseteric reflex for up to 200 msec in both normal and hyperi...

Heterosynaptic long-term depression (LTD) is conventionally defined as occurring at synapses that are inactive during a time when neighboring synapses are activated by high-frequency stimulation. A new model that combines computational properties of both the Bienenstock, Cooper and Munro model and spike timing-dependent plasticity, however, suggests that such LTD actually may require presynapti...

Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) of a single site in the somatosensory cortex of rats and monkeys for 2-6 h increases the number of neurons responsive to the skin region corresponding to the ICMS-site receptive field (RF), with very little effect on the position and size of the ICMS-site RF, and the response evoked at the ICMS site by tactile stimulation. Large changes in RF topography are...

background: based on classical two-cell, two-gonadotropin theory, in the follicle, follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) and luteinizing hormone (lh) put on their main effects on the granulosa and theca cells. lh is essential for androgens production. androgens are used for estradiol production by granulosa cells. profound suppression of lh concentrations in some normogonadotropic patients can cau...

BACKGROUND Because efferent autonomic pathways to the right ventricle (RV) differ from the efferent autonomic projections to the left ventricle (LV), we assessed the effects of RV infarction on this innervation. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured the ventricular effective refractory period (ERP) shortening in response to bilateral ansae subclaviae stimulation and ERP lengthening induced by bilat...

Intracellular electrophysiological studies of lateral protocerebral interneurons (LPIs) in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii have revealed convergence of multimodal sensory information onto these higher-level cells of the crustacean central olfactory pathway. Antennular stimulation by odors or electrical shocks generates excitatory-inhibitory sequences in some LPIs as does electrical or hydrodyn...