Urbanization affects all elements of the pre-urban environment, including soils, hydrology, vegetation, and microclimate. Recently, Saudi Arabia has experienced rapid urbanization growth. Thus, country’s biodiversity been threatened. In Riyadh region, beetle assemblages were assessed along a rural-suburban-urban gradient. A total 2791 individuals from 94 species belonging to seven families coll...

The spiracular region, comprising the hyomandibular pouch together with mandibular and hyoid arches, has a complex evolutionary history. In living vertebrates, embryonic may disappear in adult, develop into small opening between palatoquadrate hyomandibula containing single gill-like pseudobranch, or create middle ear cavity, but it never develops fully formed gill two hemibranchs. belief that ...