Incontrovertibly each person’s body has an undeniable role in shaping personality and in self- definition of ego. Nowadays and based on scientific efforts, we know sex and accordingly, gender, as a spectrum in inter bodily experience. Over the long years intersex status was considered a "disorder", but recently and in the light of modern medical, psychiatric and cognitive science, "different" e...

Human Cloning phenomenon that is accounted as one of the challenges of the present century is concentrated by legal community of most of the countries. One of the prior countries that reacted against this new phenomenon and took actions in legalization is America. Considering this country’s legal system, in the present article it is tried to explain legal condition of human Cloning in the...

This article responds to the these two major questions, 1. Are there any certain principles and norms in judicial presumptions? 2. In judicial doctrine and proceedings, how are the evidences of judicial presumption introduced and then how are these evidences categorized and stipulated? In respond to the first question, four (public) principles are identified for judicial presumptions, which inc...