Elastic backscatter lidar is an established method useful to characterize the particles forming atmospheric aerosol. Fundamental measurements are extinction and backscattering properties of aerosol in beam. This review aims give reader understanding for how made, modeled, applied. Specific emphasis placed on extinction, which manifests attenuation beam by aerosol, that ultimately constitutes me...

Introduction: This study investigates the effects of cannabinoid agonist WIN55-212-2 on acquisition and consolidation phases of the fear memory extinction and also on anxiety and motor activity. Methods: In this study, we used SPS & S model to induce post-traumatic stress disorder. One week after SPS, to establish a conditioned fear memory, rats received an electric foot shock within shock cha...

Introduction Conclusions References

A combination of the finite-difference time domain technique and a ray-by-ray integration method has been applied to compute the extinction efficiency and singlescattering albedo for various size distributions associated with nonspherical ice crystals in laboratory and natural cirrus clouds. The two methods are applicable to small and large size parameters, respectively. The results obtained by...

We demonstrate a technique, named dual structured laser illumination planar imaging (SLIPI), capable of acquiring depth-resolved images of the extinction coefficient. This is achieved by first suppressing the multiply scattered light intensity and then measuring the intensity reduction caused by signal attenuation between two laser sheets separated by Δz mm. Unlike other methods also able to me...

Around 75% of civilians have experienced at least one traumatic event in their lives, and this number is considerably higher in many parts of the world, as well as in military veterans and first responders. Of those exposed to trauma, 15-25% will develop Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).  PTSD extracts enormous economic, health, and quality of life cost. Thus, it is critical to underst...

We present a new method for enhancing images of blood vessels in skin tissues by using tri-band illumination. Transmitted-light vein images captured by a camera contain an image blur due to light scattering in skin. The blur can be described by a point spread function (PSF) that is a function of the thickness of skin layers in front of a vein and the extinction coefficients of skin tissues. The...

Backscattered power data from the Doppler LIght Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) systems at the Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) could be used to obtain the extinction coefficient of the troposphere by combining with the meteorological optical range (MOR) data from the nearby forward scatter sensor. The Range-height Indicator (RHI) scan of the LIDAR is then utilized to derive the vertical pr...

Plants have a long evolutionary history, during which mass extinction events dramatically affected Earth's ecosystems and its biodiversity. The fossil record can shed light on the diversification dynamics of plant life and reveal how changes in the origination-extinction balance have contributed to shaping the current flora. We use a novel Bayesian approach to estimate origination and extinctio...

Light rays from a multiply imaged quasar usually sample different path lengths across the deflector. Extinction in the lensing galaxy may thus lead to a differential obscuration and reddening between the observed macro-lensed QSO images. These effects naturally depend on the precise shape of the extinction law and on the redshift of the lens. By means of numerical Monte-Carlo simulations, using...