This paper analyzes the impact on mobile telephony diffusion patterns of the two predominant payment regimes, calling party pays (CPP) and receiving party pays (RPP), for mobile termination services. By applying instrumental variable techniques to panel data we account for a possible interdependency of penetration rates and regulatory interventions. For this purpose we use data on political and...

It is important for search and pay-per-click engines to penetration test their click fraud detection systems, in order to find potential vulnerabilities and correct them before fraudsters can exploit them. In this paper, we describe: (1) some goals and desirable qualities of a click fraud penetration testing system, based on our experience, and (2) our experiences with the challenges of buildin...

Soil stiffness constants govern the soil sinkage and the pressure-sinkage behaviour of the soil under load. To determine soil stiffness constants in Upadhyaya model under field conditions, a field reflecting general character of an agricultural soil was selected and multiplate penetration tests were conducted. The soil stiffness constants in Upadhyaya model were determined from five sets of soi...

Ceramic/fiber composite armor is a hot research topic of bulletproof equipment. The lightweight design ceramic materials and structures has attracted much attention. In this work, in the light remarkable performance against elastic oblique penetration, novel honeycomb panel with hexagonal prism spherical body was designed. splicing ceramic/fiber plate bonded PE plate. prepared, target test cond...

AIM Aim of this study was to evaluate the marginal microleakage of a dental sealant using different pre-treatment techniques of the enamel surface. METHODS Thirty extracted human intact teeth were selected and divided into 3 groups (n = 10) (1: acid etching with 37% orthophosphoric acid - 3M ESPE, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA; 2: air abrasion; 3: air abrasion + acid etching). The sealant (Heliose...

In this article, effective point spread functions for fluorescence microscopic imaging are introduced to investigate the effects of scattering particle size and optical gating on image resolution under single-photon (1p) and two-photon (2p) excitation. The dependence of image resolution on these effects shows a deeper penetration depth under 2p excitation due to the use of a longer illumination...

We report Raman studies of the Si–Si phonon band in Si12xGex alloys, where the excitation is by visible and ultraviolet ~351 nm! light. At a wavelength 351 nm, the optical penetration depth is extremely shallow ~'5 nm!. By varying the excitation from 351 to 514 nm, the optical penetration depth spans from 5 to 300 nm. Two sets of samples were examined. Thin layers grown using molecular beam epi...

Optical gating techniques and in particular optical coherence tomography (OCT) have recently been used as a noninvasive probe in the medical field[1 ,2] and as a nondestructive probe in material analysis[3-5]. Indeed, any medium which has some light penetration below the surface can potentially be analyzed with OCT. The depth at which a signal can be detected depends both on light absorption an...

Using a photosensitization-singlet oxygenation-dioxetane cleavage strategy, a photodynamic prodrug system has been developed, whereby drugs bearing carbonyl groups can first be attached to a photosensitizer to give a photosensitizer-drug complex and then released from the complex upon visible light irradiation. Visible light, which has good penetration through tissue, generates singlet oxygen v...

Light sheet-based fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) is emerging as a powerful imaging technique for the life sciences. LSFM provides an exceptionally high imaging speed, high signal-to-noise ratio, low level of photo-bleaching, and good optical penetration depth. This unique combination of capabilities makes light sheet-based microscopes highly suitable for live imaging applications. Here, we prov...