The limb muscles of vertebrates are derived from precursor cells that migrate from the lateral edge of the dermomyotome into the limb bud. Previous studies have shown that the paired domain-containing transcription factor Pax-3 is expressed in the limb in cells that are precursors for limb muscles (Williams, B. and Ordahl, C.P. (1994) Development 120, 785-796). In splotch (Pax-3-) embryos, the ...

Mll, Brg1 and Brm are vertebrate homologues of Drosophila trithorax group (trxG) genes. We isolated chicken Mll cDNA clones, and examined patterns of Mll, Brg1 and Brm expression in chick embryos. All three genes were expressed from embryonic stage 2 onwards. Mll transcripts were just detectable in all tissues by in situ hybridization, with highest level in dorsal neural tube and notochord. Brg...

Administration of 2-methoxyethanol to pregnant rats on day 12 of gestation induced ventral duplication of the autopod, presumably via its oxidative metabolite, methoxyacetic acid. Morphological observations indicate that the limb bud periderm is severely damaged by methoxyacetic acid so that large patches of this structure are actually missing during an extended period of limb bud development. ...

A central question in developmental biology is how cells interact to organize into tissues? In this paper, we study the role of mesenchyme-ectoderm interaction in the growing chick limb bud using Glazier and Graner's cellular Potts model, a grid-based stochastic framework designed to simulate cell interactions and movement. We simulate cellular mechanisms including cell adhesion, growth, and di...

Ectoderm inhibits the formation of cartilage by chick wing bud mesenchyme in micromass culture. This suggests that the pattern of cartilage formation in the limb bud may result from a restriction of cartilage cell differentiation to the limb bud core as cells leave the progress zone. We have used in situ hybridization to investigate whether ectodermal inhibition in micromass culture occurs at t...

Vertebrate forelimbs arise as bilateral appendages from the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). Mutants in aldh1a2 (raldh2), an embryonically expressed gene encoding a retinoic acid (RA)-synthesizing enzyme, have been used to show that limb development and patterning of the limb bud are crucially dependent on RA signaling. However, the timing and cellular origin of RA signaling in these processes hav...

Limb development constitutes a central model for the study of tissue and organ patterning; yet, the mechanisms that regulate the patterning of limb vasculature have been left understudied. Vascular patterning in the forming limb is tightly regulated in order to ensure sufficient gas exchange and nutrient supply to the developing organ. Once skeletogenesis is initiated, limb vasculature undergoe...

In vertebrates all skeletal muscles of trunk and limbs are derived from condensations of the paraxial mesoderm, the somites. Limb muscle precursor cells migrate during embryogenesis from somites to limb buds where migration stops and differentiation occurs. We have characterized lbx1 homeobox genes in chicken and mice and found them to be expressed in migrating limb muscle precursor cells in bo...

CC-BY-ND 4.0 International license not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a The copyright holder for this preprint (which was. Abstract Limb-specific Shh expression is regulated by the (~1 Mb distant) ZRS enhancer. In the mouse, limb bud restricted spatiotemporal expression of Shh occurs from ~E10-E11.5 at the distal posterior margin and is essential for correct aut...