background: cercariae (larva of helminth parasites) are covered by a thick glycocalyx coat, which serves as an osmotic pro­tection during their free existence, and contain carbohydrates conjugated as glycoproteins, glycolipids and mu­co­polysaccharides. although, limited studies have been made on life cycle of cercariae from fresh water snails, however, car­bo­hydrate studies on cercariae have ...

contact dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin and mucosa to either external or internal factors. it can be divided to two forms of irritant contact dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. nickel is one of the most common materials that causes allergic contact dermatitis and is widely used in orthodontic appliances. the inflammatory reaction to this metal in orthodontics is usua...

Atopic dermatitis mainly covers the period of infancy to adulthood, an important period in the development of an individual. The impairment of quality of life and the psychological wellbeing of children with atopic dermatitis have been well documented but so far no data exist about the impact of atopic dermatitis in childhood on fulfilling age-specific developmental tasks and achieving developm...

Hand dermatitis is common in workers in the horticultural industry. This study determined the prevalence of hand dermatitis in workers of Alstroemeria cultivation, investigated how many workers had been sensitized by tulipalin A (the allergen in Alstroemeria) and took stock of a wide range of determinants of hand dermatitis. The 12-month period prevalence of major hand dermatitis amounted to 29...

At the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic, highly accurate information about clinical manifestations disease was not available, and reported symptoms were non-specific more related to respiratory such as fever, dry cough, fatigue, sputum production. As time has passed, skin have been proposed one in some patients. Among all lesions, livedoid lesions appeared simultaneously with SARS-CoV-2, mainly e...

Background: Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) becomes a pandemic worldwide in 2020. Different dermatological manifestations associated with Covid-19 infection like maculopapular, morbilliform, urticarial, vesicular, chilblain-like, petechiae, purpura, and livedoid rashes. Pityriasis rosea (PR) PR-like eruptions were recently reported to increase coronavirus cases. Aim: To evaluate review the liter...

the prevalence of atopic disease in recent decades has been dramatically increased. it has been suggested that bcg vaccination may protect against development of allergic diseases. the purpose of this study was to identifying relation between scar of bcg vaccine and atopy. this cross-sectional study was done in 1000 children, 10-15 years of age, in zanjan city. one thousand children (501 girls ...

Livedoid vasculopathy (LV) is a chronic prothrombotic disease of cutaneous micro-circulation resulting in cutaneous ischemia and infarction. As a rare disease, LV has an estimated incidence of ten cases per million. Not only correct diagnosis but also effective treatments are very difficult for patients with LV. Due to the lack of large-scale studies in this rare disease, LV poses a great chall...

dermatitis artifacta is a factitious dermatological disorder with many forms of presentation of self inflicted skin lesions in any part of the body. dermatitis artefacta is a difficult condition for diagnosis and treatment mostly because of the patient's denial. the liaison among primary care physicians, psychiatrists and dermatologists can be important in the management of these patients. in t...