the arid zone encompasses land that has an imbalance between precipitation and losses through evaporation. globally, arid zones comprise large part of many countries in the mid-latitudes in both the northern and the southern hemispheres. both australia and iran are countries with a large arid zone. this negative water balance in the arid zone affects the type of land use in these countries. at ...

one of the most challenging problems in our country insurance industry is the phenomenon of increase of loss pay average time by insurance companies. a lot of research and analysis have been conducted on both the roots and possible solutions for this problem, none of which has had success in annihilating it. this paper presents a discrete model ) nonlinear mathematical model ( of insurance serv...

moral hazards are the result of an expansive range of factors mostly originating in the patients’ roles. the objective of the present study was to investigate patient incentives for moral hazards using the experiences of experts of basic iranian insurance organizations. this was a qualitative research. data were collected through semi-structured interviews. the study population included all exp...

This paper uses income decomposition techniques to demonstrate the importance of livestock income in improving rural income distribution. It is based on three-year household panel data (1986 to 1989) from rural Pakistan. The paper first decomposes total income among five sources: agricultural, nonfarm, livestock, rental and transfer. This shows that livestock income is inequality-decreasing and...

introduction: in order to fulfill the health and medical needs of rural people, iran's medical services insurance organization approved a plan to provide rural health insurance in 2005. the plan aimed to make an appropriate context for the activities of private health care service providers in the rural areas and to meet public expectations for access to specialized medical services. in this st...

asymmetric information in iran’s insurance market: case study for automobile insurance in iran insurance companythis research aims to test the presence of asymmetric information by using the dynamic information of automobile policyholders in the iran insurance company (iic). the conditional independence test is conducted by bivariate probit model, the dynamic properties which are presented for ...

Photos on front cover and page 3: All photos are from the FAO Mediabase. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authoriti...

Where malaria is transmitted by zoophilic vectors, two types of malaria control strategies have been proposed based on animals: using livestock to divert vector biting from people (zooprophylaxis) or as baits to attract vectors to insecticide sources (insecticide-treated livestock). Opposing findings have been obtained on malaria zooprophylaxis, and despite the success of an insecticide-treated...

The article considers proposals for improving the insurance of farm animals with state support. aim study is to develop new programs support, based on a decrease in productivity. main goal calculating rates related determination and coverage likely amount damage attributable each policyholder. scheme climatic risks dairy cattle breeding proposed, taking into account Based scientific data milk y...

Poverty is now at the heart of development discourse; we discuss how it is measured and understood. We next consider the negative and positive impacts of livestock on pro-poor development. Taking a value-chain approach that includes keepers, users and eaters of livestock, we identify diseases that are road blocks on the 'three livestock pathways out of poverty'. We discuss livestock impacts on ...