The transcription factor EB (TFEB) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of basic cellular processes, such as lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy. The subcellular localization and activity of TFEB are regulated by mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated phosphorylation, which occurs at the lysosomal surface. Phosphorylated TFEB is retained in the cytoplasm, whereas dephosphorylated TFEB...

A number of specific and commonly recognized moral principles have been articulated for application in the realm of health care ethics. Some ethicists, notably Beauchamp and Childress (2004), have used such principles as a primary framework for ethical analysis and dialogue. In this approach, referred to as principlism, each principle represents a serious, though not absolute, moral duty that m...

Defence against virally infected and malignant cells depends on the action of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells (Barry and Bleackley, 2002; Russell and Ley, 2002). Although these use several mechanisms to eliminate target cells, the principal event is secretion of cytotoxic granules. These granules contain the pore-forming protein perforin together with a variety of granule-assoc...

Fibronectin (FN) mediates a wide variety of cellular interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and plays important roles in cell adhesion, migration, growth and differentiation (Mosher, 1989; Carsons, 1989; Hynes, 1990; Yamada and Clark, 1996). FN is widely expressed by multiple cell types and is critically important in vertebrate development, as demonstrated by the early embryonic letha...

The superfamily of dynamins includes classical dynamins and dynamin-related proteins. Classical dynamins are proteins that share sequence similarity with the first described dynamin, which is a large GTPase with five characteristic domains. Dynamin-related proteins differ from classical dynamins in that they contain, at a minimum, three of the five characteristic domains. Dynamins are associate...

Individuals with upper-limb amputations may currently use artificial limbs controlled with signals from their residual muscles. Pattern recognition, one type of advanced control, uses the patterns produced by several muscles to control prosthesis movements. This article describes a new way to test this control by using a virtual environment performance test called the Target Achievement Control...

These computational models are at the core of collisional plasma theories. In particular we will discuss several aspects of conservative solvers for the kinetic transport equations of particle interactions that involve either linear or non-linear Boltzmann as well as the non-linear Landau equations, by means of stagger conservative DG schemes for the transport part and DG or spectral solvers fo...

Cells can contact the extracellular matrix (ECM) through a variety of specialized structures. These cell-matrix contacts contain membrane proteins such as integrins, which bind both matrix components and cellular proteins, thus bridging the substratum and the cytoskeleton (reviewed in Adams, 2001). Matrix contacts provide the physical linkage that enables cells to adhere to and migrate on (or t...

Ankle performance and function assessment during robot-assisted therapy is crucial for an effective ankle rehabilitation strategy. Existing assessment techniques can be categorized into qualitative and quantitative methods. However, little is known about the effectiveness of existing ankle assessment techniques for potential use in robot-assisted therapy. This article provides a comprehensive r...

The protein kinase C (PKC) family is represented in all eukaryotes and in Homo sapiens comprises the related PKCα through PKCι gene products (Dempsey et al., 2000). The kinase domains are closely related, as illustrated in the dendrogram, and form part of the AGC kinase superfamily. For clarity, the PKC-related kinases (PRK/PKN) are not included here; similarly excluded is the PKD/PKCμ family, ...