the purpose of this study is to evaluate financial participation of farmers to reduce the adverse environmental effects of contaminated water by using contingent valuation approach and tobit model by heckman's two stage. to achieve the desired goal, 100 questionnaires collected by a random sampling from farmers of kashaf- rood basin in mashhad city in 2014. results showed that variables of age,...

We study multiple agents along a general river structure that is expressed by a geography matrix and who have access to limited local resources, quasi-linear preferences over water and money and cost functions dependent upon river inflow and own extraction. Unanimity bargaining determines the water allocation and monetary transfers. We translate International Water Law into either disagreement ...

phytoplanktons are the first bio- indicators of pollution in aquatic ecosystems. phytoplankton assemblage and aquatic ecosystems are always influenced by environmental factors therefore these environmental changes and threats must be understood in any ecosystem. phytoplankton are inexpensive and readily available bio- indicators. in the present study, phytoplankton were used to study the sefid ...

Ghale-madreseh is the first point that the saline and sulfurous streams flow into Tembi River, one of the well-known saline rivers in Khuzestan province, Iran. This river is one of the main sources of increasing Karun River’s salinity, which is the largest river in Iran in terms of discharge. There are three saline and sulfurous springs (Shour-1, Shour-2m and Namak Springs) as well as a drinkab...

spatial distribution of thermal regions is dependent on local factors and circulation patterns in long terms. recognition of spatial distribution of temperature in geographical regions could be help on planning and environmental policies. the aim of this paper is recognition and detachment of thermal regions in iran. for this object, maximum daily temperature data have been provided using 620 s...

The implications of flight-level instrument wetting error removal upon the mean thermodynamic structure across the eyewall, buoyancy of rainband vertical motions, and vertical energy fluxes near the top of the inflow layer are studied. Thermodynamic quantities across the mean eyewall are found to increase at all levels. As a result, maximum radial gradients of each quantity are shifted from the...

Rivers can absorb certain amounts of contamination relying on different factors such as: river discharge, the primary conditions of the river, the river depth, discharge and the river viscosity of the offloaded wastes in the river. From parameters of water quality point of view, it is recom-mended to determine some parts of the river which are lower than the standard level in order to find out ...