Using the voltage-multiplying circuits of chemolitho-autotrophic Fe-oxidizing bacteria (Mariprofundus ferrooxydans), we describe an integrated bioelectrochemical system that affords simultaneous CO2 reduction and H2O oxidation at an external voltage of less than 1.24 V.

Voltage clamps for protecting low-voltage DC circuits require a new approach to circuit design. Many clamps commonly used were built for systems of 5-Volts or higher but lower voltage systems require distinctive clamping abilities. The use very low-voltage precision enhancement-mode MOSFETs play a pivotal role in designing voltage clamps in low-voltage

There is a fundamental conductance ÷ voltage limit in low voltage (<4kT/q) tunnel switching devices that obtain a sharp turn off by relying upon the band edges to abruptly cut off the available density of states. The Fermi occupation probabilities are thermally broadened by 4kbT. However, current is only allowed to flow in a narrow energy range limited by the applied voltage, V. This means that...

Low-voltage high-speed switched-capacitor (SC) circuit design without using voltage bootstrapper is presented. The basic building block used for low-voltage SC circuit design is the auto-zeroed integrator (AZI), which can work at both low voltage and high sampling frequency. With this method, two low-voltage SC systems were successfully designed and implemented in 1.2m CMOS technology. The firs...