We have previously reported species differences in the rate of skin heating in response to millimeter wavelength microwave exposure. We hypothesized that these differences were predominantly a function of species differences in the ability to increase skin blood flow during local heating. Mathematical modeling also suggested that, in humans, the rate of skin heating during prolonged millimeter ...

A set of constraints is derived for the operating characteristics of tokamak power reactors which are bulk heated by electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH). Four heating modes are considered: ordinary wave heating at the electron cyclotron frequency, 0, and at the second harmonic frequency, 20, and extraordinary wave heating at 0 and at 20. For ordinary wave heating at 1, which appears to ...

background: autoxidation is considered to be the main route of edible oil deterioration, which produces undesirable odors and flavors during storage and heating. the unpleasant flavor of oxidized oil has been attributed to primary and secondary products of unsaturated fatty acids. the microwave heating is a rapid method when compared with other methods of heating. objective: in this research, t...

Heating of the ionosphere by high-frequency (HF), ordinary (O) mode electromagnetic waves can excite magnetic field aligned density striations (FAS), associated with upper and lower hybrid turbulence and electron heating. We have used Vlasov simulations in one spatial and two velocity dimensions to study the induced turbulence in the presence of striations when the O-mode pump is mode converted...

Thermal processing often results in disruption of the native conformation of whey proteins, thus affecting functional properties. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of moderate electric fields on denaturation kinetics and thermodynamic properties of whey protein dispersions at temperatures ranging from 75 to 90 °C. Application of electric fields led to a lower denaturation of whey...

Given the large energy consumption of energy heating for residential and commercial use in the world, optimising heating systems makes sense, both from an ecologic and an economic point of view. Therefore, this study evaluates five different space heating systems through a case study on a new housing project. The assessment comprises both economic factors (payback period as compared to a refere...

Successful high power ICRF heating of L-mode and H-mode plasmas has been performed in the Alcator C-Mod tokamak with up to 3.5 MW of RF power at 80 MHz. Efficient absorption (90-100%) of the RF power was observed for D(H) heating at 5.3 T (here the minority ion species is indicated parenthetically). Lower single-pass absorption experiments were also performed in D(3He) at 7.9 T, D( 2 13He) at 4...