The relationships among autonomous systems (ASes) can be categorized into three types: 1) transit, 2) peering and 3) sibling. Since customer ASes purchase the Internet access from provider ASes over transit links and any two ASes can exchange their traffic without any payment over peering links, transit links cost more than peering links from the economical point of view. We propose an inter-AS...

Assessing the size of objects rapidly and accurately clearly has survival value. A central multisensory module for subjective magnitude assessment is therefore highly likely, suggested by psychophysical studies, and proposed on theoretical grounds. Given that pain perception is fundamentally an assessment of stimulus intensity, it must necessarily engage such a central module. Accordingly, we c...

The inverted-T illusion was studied by the magnitude estimation method. The horizontal line in the inverted T is perceptually shorter than the same horizontal line presented singly, and the vertical line in the inverted T is perceptually longer than the same vertical line presented singly. Thus, the inverted·T illusion is due to both a perceptual lengthening of the vertical line and a shortenin...

Magnitude magnetic resonance data are Rician distributed. In this note a new method is proposed to estimate the image noise variance for this type of data distribution. The method is based on a double image acquisition, thereby exploiting the knowledge of the Rice distribution moments.

In this paper, we propose a speech enhancement method based on spectral magnitude estimation. We modify the noise estimation from the minimum statistics method and combine with a maximum a posterior (MAP) decomposition, using the Rice-conditional probability and a non-Gaussian statistic model of the speech. We derive two versions of magnitude decomposition and magnitude-phase decomposition and ...

Judgments of physical stimuli show characteristic biases; relatively small stimuli are overestimated whereas relatively large stimuli are underestimated (regression effect). Such biases likely result from a strategy that seeks to minimize errors given noisy estimates about stimuli that itself are drawn from a distribution, i.e., the statistics of the environment. While being conceptually well d...

Pitch of pure tones was measured by absolute magnitude estimation. Results show that the function relating pitch to frequency in log-log coordinates is much steeper below about 250 Hz than at higher frequencies. me results also show that in part of the scale pitch is proportional to the cochlear frequency coordinates. INTRODUCTION The psychological scale of pitch was investigated by a number of...

Several recent studies (e.g., Haggard, Aschersleben, Gehrke, & Prinz, 2002; Haggard & Clark, 2003; Haggard, Clark, & Kalogeras, 2002) have demonstrated a "Temporal Binding" effect in which the interval between an intentional action and its consequent outcome is subjectively shorter compared to equivalent intervals that do not involve intentional action. The bulk of the literature has relied on ...

Sonifications must match listener expectancies about representing data with sound. Three experiments showed the utility of magnitude estimation for this. In Experiment 1, 67 undergraduates judged the sizes of visual stimuli and the temperature, pressure, velocity, size, or dollars they represented. Similarly, in Experiment 2, 132 listeners judged the pitch or tempo of sounds and the data they r...

McFadden (1975) questioned the accuracy and reliability of the method of magnitude estimation for the measurement of loudness of tones that vary both in duration and level. He suggested that it produced unreliable results and should not be used to assess how loudness depends on stimulus duration. To examine this issue further, the present study obtained loudness functions for 5and 200-ms tones ...