While the advantages of cooperative learning activities have been extensively acknowledged in L2 literature, this type of pedagogy has not received due attention in the Iranian EFL context. Indeed, the traditional reading method still dominates in most Iranian EFL university classes even though it fails to meet its main objective which is training competent EFL readers. In an attempt to address...

Beam monitoring using cameras has evolved from qualitative beam observation to precision measurement. After a description of the two main TV standards, various sensors including TV tubes (Vidicon), solid state sensors (Interline and Frame transfer CCDs, CMOS and CID X-Y matrices), and Fast Shutter/Intensifiers of the MCP type are reviewed. Comparative resolution measurements for the various sen...

The fear of darkness is one of the most common motives for consultation among children and adolescents. Several investigations about the evaluation of children ́s anxieties or fears have been published. However in the present we have not been able to find a study that specifically reviews the methods used to evaluate darkness phobia. The goal of this article is to review the different evaluation...

Laparoscopic surgery is a minimally invasive method of surgery which is performed by using an endoscopic camera and long and slender instruments that are inserted through small incisions in the skin of the patient's abdomen. The surgeon performs the operation indirectly by manipulating the instruments and observing the camera pictures on a monitor. The advantage of this new technique is that it...