Aortic regurgitation (AR) is a problem of moderate but increasing frequency. Current data suggest that AR of some degree affects approximately 5% to 10% of the population and increases in frequency and severity with age (1). When severe, AR gradually leads to irreversible left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, heart failure, and death; indeed, sudden death occurs in asymptomatic patients when intri...

Data management has moved in evolutionary ways in the education system in England. Although some might say that the current evolution has moved from a situation where there was no choice (20 and more years ago), to one where there was some choice (up to 20 years ago), to a position where there is now overload, this paper will argue that that is not the case when the position is viewed from cert...